How to cite this paper
Khalil, M., Khan, M., Zubair, S., Saleem, H & Tahir, S. (2021). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and small business performance in Pakistan.Management Science Letters , 11(6), 1715-1724.
Refrences
Amatucci, F. M., & Crawley, D. C. (2011). Financial self‐efficacy among women entrepreneurs. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 3(1), 23-37.
Antoncic, B., Antoncic, J. A., & Aaltonen, H. M. (2016). Marketing self-efficacy and firm creation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(1), 90-104.
Bakar, M. S., Ramli, A. B., Ibrahim, N. A., & Muhammad, I. G. (2017). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy dimensions and higher education institution performance. IJMS, 24(1), 119-137.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy theory: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral-change. Psycho- logical Review, 84, 191-225.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychol-ogy, 4(3), 359-373.
Bandura, A. (1990). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of personal agency. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2(2), 128-163.
Bandura, A. (2000). Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. Handbook of principles of or-ganization behavior, 2, 11-21.
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586-598.
Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587.
Bentler, P.M. & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psy-chological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.
Bonsu, S., & Kuofie, M. (2019). Small Business Survival. Journal of Marketing & Management, 10(1). 51-63.
Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., & Carland, J. A. C. (1988). “Who is an entrepreneur?” is a question worth asking. American jour-nal of small business, 12(4), 33-39.
Cassar, G. & Friedman, H. (2009). Does self-efficacy affect entrepreneurial investment? Strategic Entrepreneur-ship Journal, 3(3), 241–60.
Cervone, D., & Peake, P. K. (1986). Anchoring, efficacy, and action: The influence of judgmental heuristics on self-efficacy judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 50(3), 492-501.
Chandler, G. N., & Jansen, E. (1997, August). FOUNDER SELF-EFFICACY AND VENTURE PERFORMANCE: A LON-GITUDINAL STUDY. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 1997, No. 1, pp. 98-102). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from manag-ers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316.
Chen, Y., & Zhou, X. (2017). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firms' innovation behavior: The negative mediating role of social capital. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45(9), 1553-1562.
Coad, A. (2007). Firm growth: A survey. Retrieve from https://halshs.archives- ouver-tes.fr/file/index/docid/155762/filename/R07024.pdf
Cooper, S. Y., & Lucas, W. A. (2007). Enhancing self-efficacy for entrepreneurship and innovation: An educa-tional approach. In University collaboration for innovation (pp. 79- 98). Brill Sense.
Cumberland, D. M., Meek, W. R., & Germain, R. (2015). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firm performance in challeng-ing environments: Evidence from the franchise context. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(01), 1-19.
Dess, G. & Robinson, R. (1984). Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business units. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 265–73.
Ensley, M. D., Hmieleski, K. M., & Pearce, C. L. (2006). The importance of vertical and shared leadership within new venture top management teams: Implications for the performance of startups. The leadership Quarterly, 17(3), 217-231.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gaskin, J. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis. Gaskination’s StatWiki.
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16(1), 91-109.
Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Hayward, M. L., Shepherd, D. A., & Griffin, D. (2006). A hubris theory of entrepreneurship. Management science, 52(2), 160-172.
Herath, H. M. A., & Mahmood, R. (2014). Dimensions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firm performance. Global Journal of Management And Business Research, 14(4), 22-30.
Hmieleski, K. M., & Baron, R. A. (2008). When does entrepreneurial self‐efficacy enhance versus reduce firm perfor-mance?. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(1), 57-72.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Kale, E. (2020). Attachment styles and job performance in the hospitality industry: the mediating role of general self-efficacy. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(1), 23-42.
Lindsley, D. H., Brass, D. J., & Thomas, J. B. (1995). Efficacy-performing spirals: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 645-678.
Luthans, F., & Peterson, S. J. (2002). Employee engagement and manager self-efficacy. The Journal of Management De-velopment, 21(5), 376-387.
Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Baron, R. A. (2002). Inventors and new venture formation: The effects of general self–efficacy and regretful thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 149-165.
Markman, G. D., Phan, P. H., Balkin, D. B., & Gianiodis, P. T. (2005). Entrepreneurship and university-based technology transfer. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(2), 241-263.
McGee, J. E., & Peterson, M. (2019). The long‐term impact of entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and entrepreneurial orienta-tion on venture performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(3), 720-737.
McGee, J. E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S. L., & Sequeira, J. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial self‐efficacy: refining the meas-ure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4), 965-988.
McIver, J., & Carmines, E. G. (1981). Unidimensional scaling (No. 24). Sage.
Miao, C., Qian, S., & Ma, D. (2017). The relationship between entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and firm performance: a me-ta‐analysis of main and moderator effects. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(1), 87-107.
Nunnally, J.C. & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric Theory, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Podsakoff, P.M. & Organ, D.W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: problems and prospects. Journal of Man-agement, 12(4), 69-82.
Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y. & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Prajapati, K., & Biswas, S. N. (2011). Effect of entrepreneur network and entrepreneur self-efficacy on subjective perfor-mance: a study of handicraft and handloom cluster. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(2), 227-247.
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bul-letin, 124(2), 240-261.
Straub, D. W. (1989). Validating instruments in MIS research. MIS quarterly, 13(2), 147-169.
Tanaka, J. S., & Huba, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 197-201.
Torres, J. L. N., & Watson, W. (2013). An examination of the relationship between manager self-efficacy and entrepre-neurial intentions andperformance in mexican small businesses. Contaduría y Administración, 58(3), 65-87.
Trevelyan, R. (2011). Self‐regulation and effort in entrepreneurial tasks. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17(1), 39-63.
Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., Tischner, E. C., & Putka, D. J. (2002). Two studies examining the negative effect of self-efficacy on performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 506.
Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujan, V. (1986). Drivers of market orientation and performance in service firms. Journal of Service Marketing, 12(1), 3-58.
Wei, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2020). How Does Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Influence Innovation Behavior? Exploring the Mechanism of Job Satisfaction and Zhongyong Thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-15.
Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of management Re-view, 14(3), 361-384.
Antoncic, B., Antoncic, J. A., & Aaltonen, H. M. (2016). Marketing self-efficacy and firm creation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(1), 90-104.
Bakar, M. S., Ramli, A. B., Ibrahim, N. A., & Muhammad, I. G. (2017). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy dimensions and higher education institution performance. IJMS, 24(1), 119-137.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy theory: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral-change. Psycho- logical Review, 84, 191-225.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychol-ogy, 4(3), 359-373.
Bandura, A. (1990). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of personal agency. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2(2), 128-163.
Bandura, A. (2000). Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. Handbook of principles of or-ganization behavior, 2, 11-21.
Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (1981). Cultivating competence, self-efficacy, and intrinsic interest through proximal self-motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), 586-598.
Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587.
Bentler, P.M. & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psy-chological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.
Bonsu, S., & Kuofie, M. (2019). Small Business Survival. Journal of Marketing & Management, 10(1). 51-63.
Carland, J. W., Hoy, F., & Carland, J. A. C. (1988). “Who is an entrepreneur?” is a question worth asking. American jour-nal of small business, 12(4), 33-39.
Cassar, G. & Friedman, H. (2009). Does self-efficacy affect entrepreneurial investment? Strategic Entrepreneur-ship Journal, 3(3), 241–60.
Cervone, D., & Peake, P. K. (1986). Anchoring, efficacy, and action: The influence of judgmental heuristics on self-efficacy judgments and behavior. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 50(3), 492-501.
Chandler, G. N., & Jansen, E. (1997, August). FOUNDER SELF-EFFICACY AND VENTURE PERFORMANCE: A LON-GITUDINAL STUDY. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 1997, No. 1, pp. 98-102). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from manag-ers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13(4), 295–316.
Chen, Y., & Zhou, X. (2017). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firms' innovation behavior: The negative mediating role of social capital. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45(9), 1553-1562.
Coad, A. (2007). Firm growth: A survey. Retrieve from https://halshs.archives- ouver-tes.fr/file/index/docid/155762/filename/R07024.pdf
Cooper, S. Y., & Lucas, W. A. (2007). Enhancing self-efficacy for entrepreneurship and innovation: An educa-tional approach. In University collaboration for innovation (pp. 79- 98). Brill Sense.
Cumberland, D. M., Meek, W. R., & Germain, R. (2015). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firm performance in challeng-ing environments: Evidence from the franchise context. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 20(01), 1-19.
Dess, G. & Robinson, R. (1984). Measuring organizational performance in the absence of objective measures: The case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business units. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 265–73.
Ensley, M. D., Hmieleski, K. M., & Pearce, C. L. (2006). The importance of vertical and shared leadership within new venture top management teams: Implications for the performance of startups. The leadership Quarterly, 17(3), 217-231.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Gaskin, J. (2012). Confirmatory factor analysis. Gaskination’s StatWiki.
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16(1), 91-109.
Hair Jr, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS-SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Hayward, M. L., Shepherd, D. A., & Griffin, D. (2006). A hubris theory of entrepreneurship. Management science, 52(2), 160-172.
Herath, H. M. A., & Mahmood, R. (2014). Dimensions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and firm performance. Global Journal of Management And Business Research, 14(4), 22-30.
Hmieleski, K. M., & Baron, R. A. (2008). When does entrepreneurial self‐efficacy enhance versus reduce firm perfor-mance?. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 2(1), 57-72.
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
Kale, E. (2020). Attachment styles and job performance in the hospitality industry: the mediating role of general self-efficacy. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 19(1), 23-42.
Lindsley, D. H., Brass, D. J., & Thomas, J. B. (1995). Efficacy-performing spirals: A multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 645-678.
Luthans, F., & Peterson, S. J. (2002). Employee engagement and manager self-efficacy. The Journal of Management De-velopment, 21(5), 376-387.
Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Baron, R. A. (2002). Inventors and new venture formation: The effects of general self–efficacy and regretful thinking. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(2), 149-165.
Markman, G. D., Phan, P. H., Balkin, D. B., & Gianiodis, P. T. (2005). Entrepreneurship and university-based technology transfer. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(2), 241-263.
McGee, J. E., & Peterson, M. (2019). The long‐term impact of entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and entrepreneurial orienta-tion on venture performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 57(3), 720-737.
McGee, J. E., Peterson, M., Mueller, S. L., & Sequeira, J. M. (2009). Entrepreneurial self‐efficacy: refining the meas-ure. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4), 965-988.
McIver, J., & Carmines, E. G. (1981). Unidimensional scaling (No. 24). Sage.
Miao, C., Qian, S., & Ma, D. (2017). The relationship between entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and firm performance: a me-ta‐analysis of main and moderator effects. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(1), 87-107.
Nunnally, J.C. & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric Theory, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Podsakoff, P.M. & Organ, D.W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: problems and prospects. Journal of Man-agement, 12(4), 69-82.
Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.Y. & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Prajapati, K., & Biswas, S. N. (2011). Effect of entrepreneur network and entrepreneur self-efficacy on subjective perfor-mance: a study of handicraft and handloom cluster. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(2), 227-247.
Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological bul-letin, 124(2), 240-261.
Straub, D. W. (1989). Validating instruments in MIS research. MIS quarterly, 13(2), 147-169.
Tanaka, J. S., & Huba, G. J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 197-201.
Torres, J. L. N., & Watson, W. (2013). An examination of the relationship between manager self-efficacy and entrepre-neurial intentions andperformance in mexican small businesses. Contaduría y Administración, 58(3), 65-87.
Trevelyan, R. (2011). Self‐regulation and effort in entrepreneurial tasks. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17(1), 39-63.
Vancouver, J. B., Thompson, C. M., Tischner, E. C., & Putka, D. J. (2002). Two studies examining the negative effect of self-efficacy on performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 506.
Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujan, V. (1986). Drivers of market orientation and performance in service firms. Journal of Service Marketing, 12(1), 3-58.
Wei, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2020). How Does Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Influence Innovation Behavior? Exploring the Mechanism of Job Satisfaction and Zhongyong Thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-15.
Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of management Re-view, 14(3), 361-384.