How to cite this paper
Kadhim, R., Mohammed, M & Gremikh, H. (2018). Empowerment as a strategy to achieve the competitive advantage of organizations: A mediating role of organizational learning.Management Science Letters , 8(9), 903-912.
Refrences
Al-Naser, K., & Mohamed, R. (2017). The Integration between Strategic Cost Management Techniques to Improve the Performance of Iraqi Manufacturing Companies. Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting, 9(1), 210-223.
Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., & Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(1), 7-35.
Barrio, D., García, S., & Solís, J. P. (2011). Management model for technological innovation in real estate. Revista Ingeniería de Construcción, 26(3), 353-368.
Bolden, R. (2016). Leadership, management and organisational development Gower handbook of leadership and management development (pp. 143-158): Routledge.
Bureihi, F. (2011). Iraqi economy ... opportunities and challenges. Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University Journal, 27, 21-56.
Camisón, C., & Villar-López, A. (2011). Non-technical innovation: organizational memory and learning capabilities as antecedent factors with effects on sustained competitive advantage. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(8), 1294-1304.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
CIA. (2018). The Wolrd Factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html
del Brío, J. Á., Fernandez, E., & Junquera, B. (2007). Management and employee involvement in achieving an environmental action-based competitive advantage: an empirical study. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(4), 491-522.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39-50.
Francescato, D., & Aber, M. S. (2015). Learning from organizational theory to build organizational empowerment. Journal of Community Psychology, 43(6), 717-738.
Gholami, S. (2011). Value creation model through corporate social responsibility (CSR). International Journal of Business and Management, 6(9), 148.
Ghosh, A. K. (2013). Employee empowerment: A strategic tool to obtain sustainable competitive advantage. International Journal of Management, 30(3), 95.
Gutierrez-Gutierrez, L. J., Barrales-Molina, V., & Kaynak, H. (2018). The role of human resource-related quality management practices in new product development: A dynamic capability perspective. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 38(1), 43-66.
Hafedh, M., Akoum, I., Zbib, I. J., & Ahmed, Z. U. (2007). Iraq: emergence of a new nation from the ashes. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2(1), 7-21.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): Sage Publications.
Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling: SAGE Publications.
Hsu, Y.-H., & Fang, W. (2009). Intellectual capital and new product development performance: The mediating role of organizational learning capability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(5), 664-677.
Imran, M., Aziz, A., & Hamid, S. (2017). Determinants of SME export performance. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 1(2), 39-58.
Imran, M., Hamid, S., & Aziz, A. (2018). The influence of TQM on export performance of SMEs: Empirical evidence from manufacturing sector in Pakistan using PLS-SEM. Management Science Letters, 8(5), 483-496.
Imran, M., Aziz, A., Hamid, S., Shabbir, M., Salman, R., & Jian, Z. (2018). The mediating role of total quality management between entrepreneurial orientation and SMEs export performance. Management Science Letters, 8(6), 519-532.
Jung, R. E., Haier, R. J., Yeo, R. A., Rowland, L. M., Petropoulos, H., Levine, A. S., . . . Brooks, W. M. (2005). Sex differences in N-acetylaspartate correlates of general intelligence: an 1H-MRS study of normal human brain. Neuroimage, 26(3), 965-972.
Kahreh, M. S., Ahmadi, H., & Hashemi, A. (2011). Achieving competitive advantage through empowering employees: An empirical study. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 3(2), 26-37.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Lawler, E. E., Mohrman, S. A., & Benson, G. (2001). Organizing for high performance: Employee involvement, TQM, reengineering, and knowledge management in the Fortune 1000: The CEO report: Jossey-Bass.
Lei, H., Le, P. B., & Nguyen, H. T. H. (2017). How Collaborative Culture Supports for Competitive Advantage: The Mediating Role of Organizational Learning. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(2), 73.
Leonidou, L. C., Fotiadis, T. A., Christodoulides, P., Spyropoulou, S., & Katsikeas, C. S. (2015). Environmentally friendly export business strategy: Its determinants and effects on competitive advantage and performance. International Business Review, 24(5), 798-811.
Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual review of sociology, 14(1), 319-338.
Li, D.-y., & Liu, J. (2014). Dynamic capabilities, environmental dynamism, and competitive advantage: Evidence from China. Journal of Business Research, 67(1), 2793-2799.
Li, S., Ragu-Nathan, B., Ragu-Nathan, T., & Rao, S. S. (2006). The impact of supply chain management practices on competitive advantage and organizational performance. Omega, 34(2), 107-124.
Liao, S.-H., Chen, C.-C., Hu, D.-C., Chung, Y.-c., & Yang, M.-J. (2017). Developing a sustainable competitive advantage: absorptive capacity, knowledge transfer and organizational learning. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(6), 1431-1450.
Mao, H., Liu, S., Zhang, J., & Deng, Z. (2016). Information technology resource, knowledge management capability, and competitive advantage: the moderating role of resource commitment. International Journal of Information Management, 36(6), 1062-1074.
Mavondo, F. T., Chimhanzi, J., & Stewart, J. (2005). Learning orientation and market orientation: Relationship with innovation, human resource practices and performance. European Journal of Marketing, 39(11/12), 1235-1263.
Porter, M. E. (1997). Competitive strategy. Measuring Business Excellence, 1(2), 12-17.
Prieto, I. M., Revilla, E., & Rodríguez-Prado, B. (2009). Building dynamic capabilities in product development: how do contextual antecedents matter? Scandinavian Journal of Management, 25(3), 313-326.
Purhaghshenas, S. H., & Esmatnia, M. (2012). Learning organizations. Interdisciplinary Journal of Comtemporary Research in Business, 4(7), 243-249.
Ramin, N. A. M., Taib, K. M., Hashim, D. M., Noordin, S. A., & Yasin, S. M. (2013). Knowledge management implementation in a government research institute in Selangor, Malaysia. Communications of the IBIMA, 2013, 1.
Randolph, W. A., & Sashkin, M. (2002). Can organizational empowerment work in multinational settings? The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 102-115.
Real, J. C., Roldán, J. L., & Leal, A. (2014). From entrepreneurial orientation and learning orientation to business performance: analysing the mediating role of organizational learning and the moderating effects of organizational size. British Journal of Management, 25(2), 186-208.
Santos-Vijande, M. L., López-Sánchez, J. Á., & Trespalacios, J. A. (2012). How organizational learning affects a firm's flexibility, competitive strategy, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(8), 1079-1089.
Singh, S. K. (2011). Leadership & organizational learning in knowledge management practices in global organizations. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 353-365.
Sok, P., & O'Cass, A. (2015). Achieving service quality through service innovation exploration–exploitation: the critical role of employee empowerment and slack resources. Journal of Services Marketing, 29(2), 137-149.
Spender, J., & Kraaijenbrink, J. (2011). Why Competitive Strategy Succeeds-and With Whom. Competition, competitive advantage, and clusters: The ideas of Michael Porter, 33-55.
Spreitzer, G. M. (2008). Taking stock: A review of more than twenty years of research on empowerment at work. Handbook of organizational behavior, 1, 54-72.
Tan, Q., & Sousa, C. M. (2015). Leveraging marketing capabilities into competitive advantage and export performance. International Marketing Review, 32(1), 78-102.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Van Grinsven, M., & Visser, M. (2011). Empowerment, knowledge conversion and dimensions of organizational learning. The Learning Organization, 18(5), 378-391.
Vanpoucke, E., Vereecke, A., & Wetzels, M. (2014). Developing supplier integration capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage: A dynamic capabilities approach. Journal of Operations Management, 32(7-8), 446-461.
Zulkarnain, N. N., Abdullah, N., Herda, N., Said, J., & Alam, M. (2016). Organizational learning orientation and sustainable competitive advantage: towards more accountable government-linked companies. Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal, 11(1), 96-113.
Albrecht, S. L., Bakker, A. B., Gruman, J. A., Macey, W. H., & Saks, A. M. (2015). Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(1), 7-35.
Barrio, D., García, S., & Solís, J. P. (2011). Management model for technological innovation in real estate. Revista Ingeniería de Construcción, 26(3), 353-368.
Bolden, R. (2016). Leadership, management and organisational development Gower handbook of leadership and management development (pp. 143-158): Routledge.
Bureihi, F. (2011). Iraqi economy ... opportunities and challenges. Baghdad College of Economic Sciences University Journal, 27, 21-56.
Camisón, C., & Villar-López, A. (2011). Non-technical innovation: organizational memory and learning capabilities as antecedent factors with effects on sustained competitive advantage. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(8), 1294-1304.
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
CIA. (2018). The Wolrd Factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html
del Brío, J. Á., Fernandez, E., & Junquera, B. (2007). Management and employee involvement in achieving an environmental action-based competitive advantage: an empirical study. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(4), 491-522.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 39-50.
Francescato, D., & Aber, M. S. (2015). Learning from organizational theory to build organizational empowerment. Journal of Community Psychology, 43(6), 717-738.
Gholami, S. (2011). Value creation model through corporate social responsibility (CSR). International Journal of Business and Management, 6(9), 148.
Ghosh, A. K. (2013). Employee empowerment: A strategic tool to obtain sustainable competitive advantage. International Journal of Management, 30(3), 95.
Gutierrez-Gutierrez, L. J., Barrales-Molina, V., & Kaynak, H. (2018). The role of human resource-related quality management practices in new product development: A dynamic capability perspective. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 38(1), 43-66.
Hafedh, M., Akoum, I., Zbib, I. J., & Ahmed, Z. U. (2007). Iraq: emergence of a new nation from the ashes. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2(1), 7-21.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): Sage Publications.
Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least squares structural equation modeling: SAGE Publications.
Hsu, Y.-H., & Fang, W. (2009). Intellectual capital and new product development performance: The mediating role of organizational learning capability. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(5), 664-677.
Imran, M., Aziz, A., & Hamid, S. (2017). Determinants of SME export performance. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 1(2), 39-58.
Imran, M., Hamid, S., & Aziz, A. (2018). The influence of TQM on export performance of SMEs: Empirical evidence from manufacturing sector in Pakistan using PLS-SEM. Management Science Letters, 8(5), 483-496.
Imran, M., Aziz, A., Hamid, S., Shabbir, M., Salman, R., & Jian, Z. (2018). The mediating role of total quality management between entrepreneurial orientation and SMEs export performance. Management Science Letters, 8(6), 519-532.
Jung, R. E., Haier, R. J., Yeo, R. A., Rowland, L. M., Petropoulos, H., Levine, A. S., . . . Brooks, W. M. (2005). Sex differences in N-acetylaspartate correlates of general intelligence: an 1H-MRS study of normal human brain. Neuroimage, 26(3), 965-972.
Kahreh, M. S., Ahmadi, H., & Hashemi, A. (2011). Achieving competitive advantage through empowering employees: An empirical study. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 3(2), 26-37.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Lawler, E. E., Mohrman, S. A., & Benson, G. (2001). Organizing for high performance: Employee involvement, TQM, reengineering, and knowledge management in the Fortune 1000: The CEO report: Jossey-Bass.
Lei, H., Le, P. B., & Nguyen, H. T. H. (2017). How Collaborative Culture Supports for Competitive Advantage: The Mediating Role of Organizational Learning. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(2), 73.
Leonidou, L. C., Fotiadis, T. A., Christodoulides, P., Spyropoulou, S., & Katsikeas, C. S. (2015). Environmentally friendly export business strategy: Its determinants and effects on competitive advantage and performance. International Business Review, 24(5), 798-811.
Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual review of sociology, 14(1), 319-338.
Li, D.-y., & Liu, J. (2014). Dynamic capabilities, environmental dynamism, and competitive advantage: Evidence from China. Journal of Business Research, 67(1), 2793-2799.
Li, S., Ragu-Nathan, B., Ragu-Nathan, T., & Rao, S. S. (2006). The impact of supply chain management practices on competitive advantage and organizational performance. Omega, 34(2), 107-124.
Liao, S.-H., Chen, C.-C., Hu, D.-C., Chung, Y.-c., & Yang, M.-J. (2017). Developing a sustainable competitive advantage: absorptive capacity, knowledge transfer and organizational learning. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(6), 1431-1450.
Mao, H., Liu, S., Zhang, J., & Deng, Z. (2016). Information technology resource, knowledge management capability, and competitive advantage: the moderating role of resource commitment. International Journal of Information Management, 36(6), 1062-1074.
Mavondo, F. T., Chimhanzi, J., & Stewart, J. (2005). Learning orientation and market orientation: Relationship with innovation, human resource practices and performance. European Journal of Marketing, 39(11/12), 1235-1263.
Porter, M. E. (1997). Competitive strategy. Measuring Business Excellence, 1(2), 12-17.
Prieto, I. M., Revilla, E., & Rodríguez-Prado, B. (2009). Building dynamic capabilities in product development: how do contextual antecedents matter? Scandinavian Journal of Management, 25(3), 313-326.
Purhaghshenas, S. H., & Esmatnia, M. (2012). Learning organizations. Interdisciplinary Journal of Comtemporary Research in Business, 4(7), 243-249.
Ramin, N. A. M., Taib, K. M., Hashim, D. M., Noordin, S. A., & Yasin, S. M. (2013). Knowledge management implementation in a government research institute in Selangor, Malaysia. Communications of the IBIMA, 2013, 1.
Randolph, W. A., & Sashkin, M. (2002). Can organizational empowerment work in multinational settings? The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 102-115.
Real, J. C., Roldán, J. L., & Leal, A. (2014). From entrepreneurial orientation and learning orientation to business performance: analysing the mediating role of organizational learning and the moderating effects of organizational size. British Journal of Management, 25(2), 186-208.
Santos-Vijande, M. L., López-Sánchez, J. Á., & Trespalacios, J. A. (2012). How organizational learning affects a firm's flexibility, competitive strategy, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(8), 1079-1089.
Singh, S. K. (2011). Leadership & organizational learning in knowledge management practices in global organizations. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 353-365.
Sok, P., & O'Cass, A. (2015). Achieving service quality through service innovation exploration–exploitation: the critical role of employee empowerment and slack resources. Journal of Services Marketing, 29(2), 137-149.
Spender, J., & Kraaijenbrink, J. (2011). Why Competitive Strategy Succeeds-and With Whom. Competition, competitive advantage, and clusters: The ideas of Michael Porter, 33-55.
Spreitzer, G. M. (2008). Taking stock: A review of more than twenty years of research on empowerment at work. Handbook of organizational behavior, 1, 54-72.
Tan, Q., & Sousa, C. M. (2015). Leveraging marketing capabilities into competitive advantage and export performance. International Marketing Review, 32(1), 78-102.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Van Grinsven, M., & Visser, M. (2011). Empowerment, knowledge conversion and dimensions of organizational learning. The Learning Organization, 18(5), 378-391.
Vanpoucke, E., Vereecke, A., & Wetzels, M. (2014). Developing supplier integration capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage: A dynamic capabilities approach. Journal of Operations Management, 32(7-8), 446-461.
Zulkarnain, N. N., Abdullah, N., Herda, N., Said, J., & Alam, M. (2016). Organizational learning orientation and sustainable competitive advantage: towards more accountable government-linked companies. Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal, 11(1), 96-113.