Shareholders expected return is normally impacted by informational risk and informational asymmetry, on the other hand, creates informational risk. Thus, investors demand greater risk premium in the case of informational asymmetry and in turn corporate expenditures increase. In this study, we determine the relationship between informational asymmetry and capital cost. The study uses information of 109 companies listed in Tehran Securities Exchange over the period of 2005-2010 and the results suggest a positive and significant relationship between informational asymmetry and capital cost. In addition, the results from present research indicate that when capital markets are competitive, there is not a significant relationship between informational asymmetry and capital cost. But when markets are partially competitive there is a significant relationship between informational asymmetry and capital cost.

In this paper, we present an empirical study on employees of a private bank to find important factors influencing creative habits. The proposed study of this paper uses Pearson correlation test to detect any meaningful relationship between independent and dependent variables. The results of the study have indicated that sense of being effective is number one priority followed by sense of competence and sense of being meaningful and sense of choice. We have also performed an investigation between employees' personal characteristics and empowering capabilities and the results of our survey have recommended that among different factors including age, gender, educational background and job experience, only age had important effect on empowering employees.

Measuring relative efficiency of various universities has been a subject for years. In fact, when there is a growing competition among educational units, it is important to find facts on each university for making managerial decisions. In this paper, we present an empirical study to measure the relative efficiencies among different private universities in Iran. The proposed study of this paper uses data envelopment analysis along with Malmquist productivity index to measure the relative efficiencies of these units over the period 2004-2007. The method uses three inputs including number of students, number of university professors and the number of employees. The model also includes the number of educated people as well as research outputs for outputs of the DEA model. The results indicate that there are some big gaps among various units in terms of the number of research products and the number of graduated students.

Organizational commitment is an essential part of business development especially in educational system. In this paper, we study the relationship between six personal characteristics of employees of Azad University in province of Arak, Iran. The proposed study designs and distributes a questionnaire among experts who are involved in education systems. The population of this survey includes 900 employees who are enrolled in educational as well as administration levels and chooses a sample of 269 people for the survey. The questionnaire consists of different questions in Likert scale and there are six independent variables including age, gender, educational background, marital status, job experience and salary. We study the relationship of these six items with organization commitment. The results of our survey indicate that marital status is the most influential factor on organizational commitment followed by educational background and job experience. Based on the results of this survey, we can conclude that those employees who could get more experience and maintain a good educational background will more likely to stay with a firm than young employees.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is considered as an autonomous network, which consists of mobile nodes, which communicate with each other over wireless links. When there is no fixed infrastructure, nodes have to cooperate in order to incorporate the necessary network functionality. Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol is one of the primary principal routing protocols implemented in Ad hoc networks. The security of the AODV protocol is threaded by a specific kind of attack called ‘Black Hole’ attack. This paper presents a technique to prevent the Black hole attack by implementing negotiation with neighbors who claim to maintain a route to destination. Negotiation process is strengthen by apriori method to judge about suspicious node. Apriori algorithm is an effective association rule mining method with relatively low complexity, which is proper for MANETs. To achieve more improvement, fuzzy version of ADOV is used. The simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol provides more securable routing and also more efficiency in terms of packet delivery, overhead and detection rate than the conventional AODV and fuzzy AODV in the presence of Black hole attacks.

One of existing challenges in personalization of the web is increasing the efficiency of a web in meeting the users' requirements for the contents they require in an optimal state. All the information associated with the current user behavior following in web and data obtained from pervious users’ interaction in web can provide some necessary keys to recommend presentation of services, productions, and the required information of the users. This study aims at presenting a formal model based on colored Petri nets to identify the present user's interest, which is utilized to recommend the most appropriate pages ahead. In the proposed design, recommendation of the pages is considered with respect to information obtained from pervious users' profile as well as the current session of the present user. This model offers the updated proposed pages to the user by clicking on the web pages. Moreover, an example of web is modeled using CPN Tools. The results of the simulation show that this design improves the precision factor. We explain, through evaluation where the results of this method are more objective and the dynamic recommendations demonstrate that the results of the recommended method improve the precision criterion 15% more than the static method.