How to cite this paper
Abualoush, S., Obeidat, A., Aljawarneh, N., Al-Qudah, S & Bataineh, K. (2022). The effect of knowledge sharing on the relationship between empowerment, service innovative behavior and entrepreneurship.International Journal of Data and Network Science, 6(2), 419-428.
Refrences
Abualoush, S. H., Obeidat, A. M., Tarhini, A., Masa’deh, R. E., & Al-Badi, A. (2018). The role of employees’ empower-ment as an intermediary variable between knowledge management and information systems on employees’ perfor-mance. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 48(2), 217-237.
Abukhait, R. M., Bani-Melhem, S., & Zeffane, R. (2019). Empowerment, knowledge sharing and innovative behaviours: Exploring gender differences. International Journal of Innovation Management, 23(01), 1950006.
Ahmad, F., & Karim, M. (2019). Impacts of knowledge sharing: a review and directions for future research. Journal of Workplace Learning, 31(3), 207-230.
Al-Dweik, G., Al-Daken, L. I., Abu-Snieneh, H., & Ahmad, M. M. (2016). Work-related empowerment among nurses: lit-erature review. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 19(2), 168-186.
Al-Qudah, S., Obeidat, A. M., & Shrouf, H. (2020). The impact of strategic human resources planning on the organiza-tional performance of public shareholding companies in Jordan. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18(1), 219.
Åmo, B. W., & Kolvereid, L. (2005). Organizational strategy, individual personality and innovation behavior. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 13(01), 7-19.
Appelbaum, S. H., Karasek, R., Lapointe, F., & Quelch, K. (2014). Employee empowerment: factors affecting the conse-quent success or failure–Part I. Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(7), 379 – 386
Azeem, S. M., & Akhtar, N. (2014). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment among public sector employees in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(7), 127-133.
Berraies, S, M Chaher & KB Yahia (2014). Employee empowerment and its importance for trust, innovation and organiza-tional performance. Business Management and Strategy, 5(2), 82–103.
Bin Mahfodh, A. B. S., & Obeidat, A. M. (2020). Knowledge Sharing Tools and their Impact on Enhancing Organizational Performance. Sciences, 10(9), 91-112.
Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of trans-formational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership. Journal of Business Research, 67, 1622-1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.09.006
Boudrias, J. S., Morin, A. J. S., & Lajoie, D. (2014). Directionality of the associations between psychological empower-ment and behavioural involvement: A longitudinal autoregressive cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(3), 437–463.
Cummings, J. N. (2004) Work groups, structural diversity, and knowledge sharing in a global organization. Management Science, 50(3), 352−364.
Daniel J. L., & Jardon R. C. (2015). The relationship between individual spirituality, organizational commitment and in-dividual innovative behavior. Management Research And Practice, 7(1), 5-13
De Clercq, D., Dimov, D., & Thongpapanl, N. (2013). Organizational social capital, formalization, and internal knowledge sharing in entrepreneurial orientation formation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3), 505-537.
Dei, D. G. J. (2019). Entrepreneurship and the Application of Knowledge Management Practices in Ghana. Global Journal of Management And Business Research.
Erturk, A. (2010). Exploring predictors of organizational identification: moderating role of trust on the associations be-tween empowerment, organizational support, and identification. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psy-chology, 19(4), 409-441.
Esmaeilzadeh, P. (2011). How to Manage and Flourish Innovation in Hospitals’ Clinical IT?, Academy of Health Care Management Journal, 7(2), 69–88.
Fernandez, S., & Moldogaziev, T. (2013). Using employee empowerment to encourage innovative behavior in the public sector. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(1), 155–187.
Garg, S., & Dhar, R. (2017). Employee service innovative behavior. International Journal of Manpower, 38(2) 242-258
Hashim, K. F., & Tan, F. B. (2015). The mediating role of trust and commitment on members’ continuous knowledge sharing intention: A commitment-trust theory perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 35(2), 145-151
Henao-Zapata, D., & Peiró, J. M. (2018). The importance of empowerment in entrepreneurship. In Inside the Mind of the Entrepreneur (pp. 185-206). Springer, Cham.
Hülsheger, U. R., Anderson, N., & Salgado, J. F. (2009). Team-level predictors of innovation at work: a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1128-1145.
Hytti, U., Stenholm, P., Heinonen, J., & Seikkula‐Leino, J. (2010). Perceived learning outcomes in entrepreneurship edu-cation: The impact of student motivation and team behaviour. Education and Training, 52(8/9), 587-606
Ipe, M. (2003). Knowledge sharing in organizations: A conceptual framework. Human Resource Development Re-view, 2(4), 337-359.
Jaaffar, A. H., Ganesan, Y., & Isa, A. (2018). Employees' Motivation to Undertake Entrepreneurship and Innovative Be-havior: UNITEN KSHAS. Global Business & Management Research, 10(3).
Jiang, X., Flores, H. R., Leelawong, R., & Manz, C. C. (2016). The effect of team empowerment on team performance: A cross-cultural perspective on the mediating roles of knowledge sharing and intra-group conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 27(1), 62-87.
Joo, D., Woosnam, K. M., Strzelecka, M., & Boley, B. B. (2020). Knowledge, empowerment, and action: testing the em-powerment theory in a tourism context. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1), 69-85.
Kang, J. H., Matusik, J. G., Kim, T.-Y., & Phillips, J. M. (2016). Interactive effects of multiple organizational climates on employee innovative behavior in entrepreneurial firms: A cross-level investigation. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(6), 628-642.
Kang, M., & Lee, M.J. (2017). Absorptive capacity, knowledge sharing, and innovative behaviour of R&D employees. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 29(2), 219–232.
Karim, F., & Rehman, O. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction, perceived organizational justice and employee empowerment on organizational commitment in semi-government organizations of Pakistan. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 3(4), 92-104.
Hasani, K., & Sheikhesmaeili, S. (2016). Knowledge management and employee empowerment: A study of higher educa-tion institutions. Kybernetes, 45(2), 337-355.
Kmieciak, R., Michna, A., & Meczynska, A. (2012). Innovativeness, empowerment and IT capability: Evidence from SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(5), 707–728.
Kör, B. (2016). The mediating effects of self-leadership on perceived entrepreneurial orientation and innovative work be-havior in the banking sector. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-15.
Li, Y.H., Huang, J.W. , & Tsai, M.T. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The role of knowledge creation process. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(4), 440-449.
Miao, Q., Newman, A., Schwarz, G., & Cooper, B. (2018). How leadership and public service motivation enhance innova-tive behavior. Public Administration Review, 78(1), 71-81.
Muniady, R. A., Mamun, A. A., Rosli Mohamad, M., Yukthamarani Permerupan, P., & Binti Zainol, N. R. (2015). The ef-fect of cognitive and relational social capital on structural social capital and micro-enteprise performance. Sage Open, 5, 1-9.
Mura, M., Lettieri, E., Radaelli, G., & Spiller, N. (2013). Promoting professionals' innovative behaviour through knowledge sharing: the moderating role of social capital. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(4), 527–544.
Nightingale, M. (1985). The hospitality industry: defining quality for a quality assurance programme-a study of percep-tions. The Service Industries Journal, 5(1), 9-2.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995) The knowledge creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of in-novation. New York: Oxford University Press
Obeidat, A. (2019). IT Adaption with Knowledge Conversion Process (SECI). Management Science Letters, 9(13), 2241-2252
Obeidat, A. M., & Otibi, G. A. (2015). The impact of knowledge sharing tools on levels of organizational learning (Field Study on Jordanian Commercial Banks). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(5), 253-267.
Obeidat, A. M., Abualoush, S. H., Irtaimeh, H. J., Khaddam, A. A., & Bataineh, K. A. (2018). The role of organisational culture in enhancing the human capital applied study on the social security corporation. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 15(3), 258-276.
Ooko, P. A. (2013). Impact of teamwork on the achievement of targets in organisations in Kenya.A case of SOS children’s villages, Eldoret (Master’s dissertation, University of Nairobi)
Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Com-munity Psychology, 23(5), 569-579.
Ratten, V. (2020). Entrepreneurship as Empowerment: Knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Riege, A., 2005. Three dozen knowledge sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3): 18-35.
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. 5th ed., London. UK: Free Press.
Saffar, N., & Obeidat, A. (2020). The effect of total quality management practices on employee performance: The moder-ating role of knowledge sharing. Management Science Letters, 10(1), 77-90.
Sangar, R., & Rangnekar, S. (2014). Psychological empowerment and role satisfaction as determinants of creativity. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 10(2), 119–127.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R.A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 580-¬607
Setyanti, S. W. L. H., Troena, E. A., Nimran, U., & Rahayu, M. (2013). Innovation role in mediating the effect of entre-preneurship orientation, management capabilities and knowledge sharing toward business performance: Study at Batik SMEs in East Java Indonesia. IOSR J. Business Management, 8(4), 16-27.
Shahab, A., Sobari, A., & Udin, U. D. I. N. (2019). Empowering Leadership and OCB: The Roles of Psychological Em-powerment and Emotional Intelligence. Wseas Transactions on Business and Economics, 16, 97-106.
Stewart, J.T. (2009). An investigation of an entrepreneurial orientation among employees in service organizations. Un-published doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, US.
Thornhill, S. (2006). Knowledge, innovation and firm performance in high-and low technology regimes. Journal of Busi-ness Venturing, 21(5), 687–703.
Tuan, L. T. (2015). From corporate social responsibility, through entrepreneurial orientation, to knowledge sharing. The Learning Organization, 22(2), 74-92.
Wang, J., Yang, J., & Xue, Y. (2017). Subjective well-being, knowledge sharing and individual innovation behavior: The moderating role of absorptive capacity. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(8), 1110–1127.
Wang, W. T., Wang, Y. S., & Chang, W. T. (2019). Investigating the effects of psychological empowerment and interper-sonal conflicts on employees’ knowledge sharing intentions. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(6), 1039-1076.
Wang, W.T. (2016). Examining the influence of the social cognitive factors and relative autonomous motivations on em-ployees’ knowledge sharing behaviors. Decision Sciences, 47(3), 404-436.
Yang, C.W. (2008). The relationships among leadership styles, entrepreneurial orientation and business performance. Managing Global Transitions, 6(3), 257-275.
Yuan, X., Olfman, L., & Yi, J. (2020). How do institution-based trust and interpersonal trust affect interdepartmental knowledge sharing?. In Information Diffusion Management and Knowledge Sharing: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 424-451). IGI Global.
Zhao, F. (2005). Exploring the synergy between entrepreneurship and innovation. International Journal of Entrepreneuri-al Behavior and Research, 11(1), 25–41.
Zhu, C., & Mu, R. (2016). Followers' innovative behavior in organizations: The role of transformational leadership, psy-chological capital and knowledge sharing. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 10(4), 636.
Zorn, O. (2004). Influence of entrepreneurial capital on entrepreneurial dynamics. Economic and Business Review for Cen-tral and South-Eastern Europe, 6(3), 195.
Abukhait, R. M., Bani-Melhem, S., & Zeffane, R. (2019). Empowerment, knowledge sharing and innovative behaviours: Exploring gender differences. International Journal of Innovation Management, 23(01), 1950006.
Ahmad, F., & Karim, M. (2019). Impacts of knowledge sharing: a review and directions for future research. Journal of Workplace Learning, 31(3), 207-230.
Al-Dweik, G., Al-Daken, L. I., Abu-Snieneh, H., & Ahmad, M. M. (2016). Work-related empowerment among nurses: lit-erature review. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 19(2), 168-186.
Al-Qudah, S., Obeidat, A. M., & Shrouf, H. (2020). The impact of strategic human resources planning on the organiza-tional performance of public shareholding companies in Jordan. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18(1), 219.
Åmo, B. W., & Kolvereid, L. (2005). Organizational strategy, individual personality and innovation behavior. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 13(01), 7-19.
Appelbaum, S. H., Karasek, R., Lapointe, F., & Quelch, K. (2014). Employee empowerment: factors affecting the conse-quent success or failure–Part I. Industrial and Commercial Training, 46(7), 379 – 386
Azeem, S. M., & Akhtar, N. (2014). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment among public sector employees in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(7), 127-133.
Berraies, S, M Chaher & KB Yahia (2014). Employee empowerment and its importance for trust, innovation and organiza-tional performance. Business Management and Strategy, 5(2), 82–103.
Bin Mahfodh, A. B. S., & Obeidat, A. M. (2020). Knowledge Sharing Tools and their Impact on Enhancing Organizational Performance. Sciences, 10(9), 91-112.
Birasnav, M. (2014). Knowledge management and organizational performance in the service industry: The role of trans-formational leadership beyond the effects of transactional leadership. Journal of Business Research, 67, 1622-1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.09.006
Boudrias, J. S., Morin, A. J. S., & Lajoie, D. (2014). Directionality of the associations between psychological empower-ment and behavioural involvement: A longitudinal autoregressive cross-lagged analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(3), 437–463.
Cummings, J. N. (2004) Work groups, structural diversity, and knowledge sharing in a global organization. Management Science, 50(3), 352−364.
Daniel J. L., & Jardon R. C. (2015). The relationship between individual spirituality, organizational commitment and in-dividual innovative behavior. Management Research And Practice, 7(1), 5-13
De Clercq, D., Dimov, D., & Thongpapanl, N. (2013). Organizational social capital, formalization, and internal knowledge sharing in entrepreneurial orientation formation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(3), 505-537.
Dei, D. G. J. (2019). Entrepreneurship and the Application of Knowledge Management Practices in Ghana. Global Journal of Management And Business Research.
Erturk, A. (2010). Exploring predictors of organizational identification: moderating role of trust on the associations be-tween empowerment, organizational support, and identification. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psy-chology, 19(4), 409-441.
Esmaeilzadeh, P. (2011). How to Manage and Flourish Innovation in Hospitals’ Clinical IT?, Academy of Health Care Management Journal, 7(2), 69–88.
Fernandez, S., & Moldogaziev, T. (2013). Using employee empowerment to encourage innovative behavior in the public sector. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(1), 155–187.
Garg, S., & Dhar, R. (2017). Employee service innovative behavior. International Journal of Manpower, 38(2) 242-258
Hashim, K. F., & Tan, F. B. (2015). The mediating role of trust and commitment on members’ continuous knowledge sharing intention: A commitment-trust theory perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 35(2), 145-151
Henao-Zapata, D., & Peiró, J. M. (2018). The importance of empowerment in entrepreneurship. In Inside the Mind of the Entrepreneur (pp. 185-206). Springer, Cham.
Hülsheger, U. R., Anderson, N., & Salgado, J. F. (2009). Team-level predictors of innovation at work: a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1128-1145.
Hytti, U., Stenholm, P., Heinonen, J., & Seikkula‐Leino, J. (2010). Perceived learning outcomes in entrepreneurship edu-cation: The impact of student motivation and team behaviour. Education and Training, 52(8/9), 587-606
Ipe, M. (2003). Knowledge sharing in organizations: A conceptual framework. Human Resource Development Re-view, 2(4), 337-359.
Jaaffar, A. H., Ganesan, Y., & Isa, A. (2018). Employees' Motivation to Undertake Entrepreneurship and Innovative Be-havior: UNITEN KSHAS. Global Business & Management Research, 10(3).
Jiang, X., Flores, H. R., Leelawong, R., & Manz, C. C. (2016). The effect of team empowerment on team performance: A cross-cultural perspective on the mediating roles of knowledge sharing and intra-group conflict. International Journal of Conflict Management, 27(1), 62-87.
Joo, D., Woosnam, K. M., Strzelecka, M., & Boley, B. B. (2020). Knowledge, empowerment, and action: testing the em-powerment theory in a tourism context. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(1), 69-85.
Kang, J. H., Matusik, J. G., Kim, T.-Y., & Phillips, J. M. (2016). Interactive effects of multiple organizational climates on employee innovative behavior in entrepreneurial firms: A cross-level investigation. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(6), 628-642.
Kang, M., & Lee, M.J. (2017). Absorptive capacity, knowledge sharing, and innovative behaviour of R&D employees. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 29(2), 219–232.
Karim, F., & Rehman, O. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction, perceived organizational justice and employee empowerment on organizational commitment in semi-government organizations of Pakistan. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 3(4), 92-104.
Hasani, K., & Sheikhesmaeili, S. (2016). Knowledge management and employee empowerment: A study of higher educa-tion institutions. Kybernetes, 45(2), 337-355.
Kmieciak, R., Michna, A., & Meczynska, A. (2012). Innovativeness, empowerment and IT capability: Evidence from SMEs. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 112(5), 707–728.
Kör, B. (2016). The mediating effects of self-leadership on perceived entrepreneurial orientation and innovative work be-havior in the banking sector. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-15.
Li, Y.H., Huang, J.W. , & Tsai, M.T. (2009). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The role of knowledge creation process. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(4), 440-449.
Miao, Q., Newman, A., Schwarz, G., & Cooper, B. (2018). How leadership and public service motivation enhance innova-tive behavior. Public Administration Review, 78(1), 71-81.
Muniady, R. A., Mamun, A. A., Rosli Mohamad, M., Yukthamarani Permerupan, P., & Binti Zainol, N. R. (2015). The ef-fect of cognitive and relational social capital on structural social capital and micro-enteprise performance. Sage Open, 5, 1-9.
Mura, M., Lettieri, E., Radaelli, G., & Spiller, N. (2013). Promoting professionals' innovative behaviour through knowledge sharing: the moderating role of social capital. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(4), 527–544.
Nightingale, M. (1985). The hospitality industry: defining quality for a quality assurance programme-a study of percep-tions. The Service Industries Journal, 5(1), 9-2.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995) The knowledge creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of in-novation. New York: Oxford University Press
Obeidat, A. (2019). IT Adaption with Knowledge Conversion Process (SECI). Management Science Letters, 9(13), 2241-2252
Obeidat, A. M., & Otibi, G. A. (2015). The impact of knowledge sharing tools on levels of organizational learning (Field Study on Jordanian Commercial Banks). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(5), 253-267.
Obeidat, A. M., Abualoush, S. H., Irtaimeh, H. J., Khaddam, A. A., & Bataineh, K. A. (2018). The role of organisational culture in enhancing the human capital applied study on the social security corporation. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 15(3), 258-276.
Ooko, P. A. (2013). Impact of teamwork on the achievement of targets in organisations in Kenya.A case of SOS children’s villages, Eldoret (Master’s dissertation, University of Nairobi)
Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Com-munity Psychology, 23(5), 569-579.
Ratten, V. (2020). Entrepreneurship as Empowerment: Knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurial ecosystems. Emerald Publishing Limited.
Riege, A., 2005. Three dozen knowledge sharing barriers managers must consider. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(3): 18-35.
Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations. 5th ed., London. UK: Free Press.
Saffar, N., & Obeidat, A. (2020). The effect of total quality management practices on employee performance: The moder-ating role of knowledge sharing. Management Science Letters, 10(1), 77-90.
Sangar, R., & Rangnekar, S. (2014). Psychological empowerment and role satisfaction as determinants of creativity. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 10(2), 119–127.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R.A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 580-¬607
Setyanti, S. W. L. H., Troena, E. A., Nimran, U., & Rahayu, M. (2013). Innovation role in mediating the effect of entre-preneurship orientation, management capabilities and knowledge sharing toward business performance: Study at Batik SMEs in East Java Indonesia. IOSR J. Business Management, 8(4), 16-27.
Shahab, A., Sobari, A., & Udin, U. D. I. N. (2019). Empowering Leadership and OCB: The Roles of Psychological Em-powerment and Emotional Intelligence. Wseas Transactions on Business and Economics, 16, 97-106.
Stewart, J.T. (2009). An investigation of an entrepreneurial orientation among employees in service organizations. Un-published doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University, US.
Thornhill, S. (2006). Knowledge, innovation and firm performance in high-and low technology regimes. Journal of Busi-ness Venturing, 21(5), 687–703.
Tuan, L. T. (2015). From corporate social responsibility, through entrepreneurial orientation, to knowledge sharing. The Learning Organization, 22(2), 74-92.
Wang, J., Yang, J., & Xue, Y. (2017). Subjective well-being, knowledge sharing and individual innovation behavior: The moderating role of absorptive capacity. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(8), 1110–1127.
Wang, W. T., Wang, Y. S., & Chang, W. T. (2019). Investigating the effects of psychological empowerment and interper-sonal conflicts on employees’ knowledge sharing intentions. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(6), 1039-1076.
Wang, W.T. (2016). Examining the influence of the social cognitive factors and relative autonomous motivations on em-ployees’ knowledge sharing behaviors. Decision Sciences, 47(3), 404-436.
Yang, C.W. (2008). The relationships among leadership styles, entrepreneurial orientation and business performance. Managing Global Transitions, 6(3), 257-275.
Yuan, X., Olfman, L., & Yi, J. (2020). How do institution-based trust and interpersonal trust affect interdepartmental knowledge sharing?. In Information Diffusion Management and Knowledge Sharing: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 424-451). IGI Global.
Zhao, F. (2005). Exploring the synergy between entrepreneurship and innovation. International Journal of Entrepreneuri-al Behavior and Research, 11(1), 25–41.
Zhu, C., & Mu, R. (2016). Followers' innovative behavior in organizations: The role of transformational leadership, psy-chological capital and knowledge sharing. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 10(4), 636.
Zorn, O. (2004). Influence of entrepreneurial capital on entrepreneurial dynamics. Economic and Business Review for Cen-tral and South-Eastern Europe, 6(3), 195.