A review of some recent data from multiaxial fatigue data from different notched materials is carried out in the paper. The approach based on the strain energy density (SED) averaged over a control volume is first used to summarise uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue strength data of welded joints made of structural steel and aluminium alloys. In all welded joints, the weld toe and weld root regions are modelled like sharp, zero radius, V-notches with different opening angles. The control volume radius is 0.28 mm for structural steels, 0.12 mm for aluminium alloys. Afterwards the SED approach is applied to multi-axial fatigue data from plain and V-notched specimens made of AISI 416 stainless steel (hardened and tempered state), subjected to tension, torsion and combined tension and torsion, both in-phase and out-of-phase. Notched specimens are characterised by a very small root radius, ρ=0.1 mm, which results in high nonlinear effects ahead of the notch tips. All results are summarised in terms of Δ W-N (SED range versus cycles to failure) scatterbands. Together with the new results, a number of multi-axial fatigue data recently obtained from sharply notched specimens made of C40 steel (normalised state) and 39NiCrMo3 steel (hardened and tempered state) are represented with the aim to provide a global synthesis in terms of local SED. Finally a synthesis from Ti6Al4V alloy is carried out showing the capability of the SED approach to be applied also to light alloys.

Portland cement concrete (PCC) / asphalt concrete (AC) bonded components are seen in both conventional pavement structures as well as overlays. Due to the environmental and traffic loads, cracks occur at the interface of the PCC and AC layers and finally, may propagate through the interface or one of the layers. Therefore, the evaluation of bond strength between these layers is important. This paper investigates bond strength between asphalt concrete and Portland cement concrete using a new sandwich test specimen. The developed specimen, called Bi-material semi-circular bend (BSCB) is made of asphalt concrete and the Portland cement concrete, cracked at the interface of the materials. First, the suggested specimen is introduced and characterized using finite element simulation. Then, the specimen is employed to obtain bond strength between asphalt concrete and Portland cement concrete under mixed mode loading, and at two temperatures: -20C and 20C. The fracture toughness at different mixed mode conditions is obtained, and finally, fracture criterion for the tested bonded joints is presented.

The E-1,3-diaminoethenyl functional group is a potentially useful synthon. A number of examples of E-1,3-diaminoethenyl functional groups were prepared in good yield starting from an E-enol tosylate of a serine based diketopiperazine and 1°- or 2° amine nucleophiles. The reaction proceeds via a stereoselective nucleophilic substitution pathway.

Hsu and Hsu (2013a) established a closed-form solution for an EOQ model with imperfect quality items, inspection errors, shortage backordering, and sales returns, where the customers who return the defective items will receive full price refunds; i.e., the returned items are not replaced with good items. In this note, we extend Hsu and Hsu & apos; s (2013a) work to consider the case that returned items are replaced with good items. A closed-form solution is developed for the optimal order size and the maximum shortage level. Numerical examples are provided to show the differences in the optimal solutions when returned items are replaced, and when they are not.

The purpose of this study is to solve a complex multi-product four-layer capacitated location-routing problem (LRP) in which two specific constraints are taken into account: 1) plants have limited production capacity, and 2) central depots have limited capacity for storing and transshipping products. The LRP represents a multi-product four-layer distribution network that consists of plants, central depots, regional depots, and customers. A heuristic algorithm is developed to solve the four-layer LRP. The heuristic uses GRASP (Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure) and two probabilistic tabu search strategies of intensification and diversification to tackle the problem. Results show that the heuristic solves the problem effectively.

Most packaged food products must contain trans-fat labelling; however unpackaged snacks such as cookies, donuts, and muffins at supermarkets, gas station convenience stores, and bakeries often do not have or require nutrition fact labels. Hence, consumers are not aware of the trans-fat content in unpackaged food products. It is well-known within the health and scientific community that diets high in trans-fat can lead to a host of health problems, namely coronary heart disease (CHD). The purpose of this study is to conduct a preliminary study of the trans-fat content in unpackaged baked goods, particularly unpackaged glazed donuts. To accomplish our objective, we determined the % trans-fat in oil extracted from glazed donuts obtained from several supermarkets, gas stations and bakeries across Northwest, Indiana. Variable Filter Array (VFA) IR spectroscopy was used to assess the trans-fat content of oil extracted from food samples. In this paper, we present our preliminary findings.

Underwater structures are subjected to hydrostatic pressure during their service life. Sharp V-notched components can be seen as a part of many underwater structures. For example, welded components, machined parts, gears, screws and bolts are among the well-known elements that contain sharp V-notches. The notch tip is a likely zone for initiation of cracks due to high stress/ strain concentration. The reliability analysis of the V-notched components requires a good understanding of stress/ strain distribution near the notch tip. The fracture initiation of the V-notched components can be controlled by the tangential strain field near the notch tip. The tangential strain distribution and fracture initiation conditions are studied in this paper for notched components subjected to hydrostatic pressure. The effect of each tangential strain term on fracture initiation angle as well as tangential strain distribution around the notch tip is investigated using finite element simulation of a V-notched semi-circular specimen. It is shown that not only the singular terms, but also the “constants train field” significantly influence on tangential strain distribution and fracture initiation angle around the notch tip. The results of this paper can be used for standardization of the fracture in underwater structures containing V-notched components.

We study the question of how to ideally divide total profits among supply chain members, especially in a stochastic demand market. The Shapley value is used as the methodology solution to divide profits in a supply chain. To illustrate the Shapley value solution and procedures, a two-echelon supply chain consisting of one supplier and two heterogeneous retailers is examined. The goal is to figure out ideal transfer prices for products delivered among supply chain members. These transfer prices will achieve the suggested profit allocations among three companies.