Batch adsorption and desorption kinetic experiments of fenitrothion on clay soil and sandy clay loam soil indicated that the equilibration time was approximately 30 hours. The kinetics of adsorption and desorption exhibited two distinct stages: a rapid process in the initial stages followed by a slow process. The pseudo-first-order model followed by the Elovich kinetic model fit the experimental adsorption and desorption data quite well, with high values of R2 and low values of ∆qe% and SSE. Accordingly, the pseudo-first-order model is most suitable for describing the adsorption and desorption kinetics of fenitrothion on clay soil and sandy clay soil. Pseudo-second-order model type-1 and type-2 models fit the experimental adsorption data; however, these models cannot be used to describe desorption kinetics. Moreover, the modified Freundlich model has limited applicability, and the intraparticle diffusion kinetic model cannot describe the kinetics of the adsorption and desorption of fenitrothion on clay and sandy clay loam soils.

This paper considers simultaneously two areas of facility location and assortment planning in a competitive environment. In fact, a chain store that has competitors in the market locates a new facility. As there are different products in the market that can substitute with each other, it is intended to determine the best product assortment as well. An integer nonlinear programming problem is proposed to model the mentioned subject. For solving the model, the problem is reformulated as a mixed integer linear programming one. Therefore, a MIP solver software can be used for solving the small- and medium-size problems. For large-scale problems, a firefly algorithm is designed for obtaining a satisfactory solution. By using the proposed model, it is numerically shown that, in addition to the optimal location, it is also necessary to determine simultaneously the best product assortment for the new store. Actually, comparison results reveal that the location significantly affects the assortment scenarios for the new store. In other words, the selection of new store locations may lead to loss of large profit if the assortment planning is neglected.

Trivalent analytes such as Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺ and A^l3+ play pivotal roles in various fields including environmental monitoring, biological sensing, and industrial processes. The development of efficient and selective detection methods for trivalent species is therefore of paramount importance. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in the recognition of trivalent analytes using simple organic chromogenic and fluorogenic probes. In this review we discuss the strategies employed for the design and synthesis of chromogenic and fluorogenic probes tailored for trivalent analytes, highlighting key structural motifs and functional groups that contribute to their recognition capabilities.

Guided by a real case, this paper efficiently proposes a new metaheuristic algorithm based on Simulated Annealing to solve the Heterogeneous Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows to deliver fresh meat in urban environments. Our proposal generates an initial feasible solution using a hybrid heuristic based on the well-known Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) solution and, subsequently, refining it through a Simulated Annealing (SA). We have tested the efficiency of the proposed approach in a company case study related to the planning of the transportation of a regional distribution center meat company to customers within the urban and rural perimeter of Bogotá, Colombia. The main goal is to reach a service level of 97% while reducing operational costs and several routes (used vehicles). The results show that the proposed approach finds better routes than the current ones regarding costs and service level within short computing times. The proposed scheme promises to solve the refrigerated vehicle routing problem.

The synthesis of 4-aryl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles in good to excellent isolated yields (75-95%) has been achieved via a [3+2] cycloaddition of aromatic nitroolefins and sodium azide catalyzed by recyclable heterogeneous sulfated tin oxide (STO, 10 mol%) in toluene at 60 0C. Aliphatic nitrooefines proved to be unsuccessful partners in the present methodology.

Due to their high synthetic efficiency, multi-component reactions (MCRs) have shown to be extraordinarily effective at producing compounds in a single synthetic operation. The chromeno[2,3-d] pyrimidine moieties represent important building blocks in synthetic bioactive compounds. The reaction of barbituric acid, aldehydes, and cyclohexane-1,3-diones in the presence of zinc acetate (5 mol%) under neat conditions at 70 0C, yielded a facile and one-pot synthesis of corresponding chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidineones. Thirteen compounds containing neutral, withdrawing and electron donating groups (H, NO₂, -CN, -Cl; -OH, -CH₃ and -OCH₃) were synthesized in good, isolated yields ranging from 78-91%. The successful involvement of o-, m-, and p- substituted nitro benzaldehydes suggested that steric hindrance had no effect. All of the synthesized compounds are well-known, and this process is unique in that it makes use of zinc acetate, an accessible, low-cost Lewis acid catalyst.

A new series of Schiff bases derived from pyrazole-thiocarbohydrazide, namely (4a-d), were well-synthesized. The synthesis is carried out using monothiocarbohydrazone derivative (3), which was prepared via coupling of 5-chloro-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (1) with thiocarbohydrazide (2) in absolute ethanol that contains a catalytic quantity of acetic acid. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were fully clarified by various spectroscopic analyses (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectra) and elemental analysis. Also, the molecular docking was performed to investigate the binding interactions of the synthesized compounds (1, 3 and 4a-d) with COX-2 active site. The results revealed that most of them have robust hydrogen bonding networks and favorable binding energies compared to compound (4b). Understanding the anti-inflammatory behavior through understanding the specific interactions of these compounds with COX-2 will aid in the design and development of more effective inhibitors for therapeutic applications.

It has been reported that the halogen dance reaction can be used to synthesize polyfunctionalized 1,3-thiazoles. The transformation into target products was carried out by lithiation of 2-bromo-5-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1,3-thiazole with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) followed by treatment with various electrophiles. The obtained compounds were then successfully applied to prepare novel 4,5-difunctional thiazole derivatives.

The validation of bioanalytical methods holds critical importance for regulatory agencies and organizations dedicated to ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of pharmaceuticals. In this context, the recent release of the ICH M10 guideline in May 2022 represents a significant milestone in standardizing bioanalytical method validation globally. However, this guideline lacks explicit experimental protocols for implementation. In this study, we address the practical implementation of the newly released ICH M10 guideline by providing a detailed validation protocol for a bioanalytical method. Our method specifically targets tiaprofenic acid, a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Tiaprofenic acid is a critical component in bioequivalence studies, underscoring the necessity for precise and accurate quantification within complex biological matrices. The integration of the accuracy profile approach, a statistical tool, enhances the significance of this work. This approach aids in assessing the accuracy and precision of bioanalytical methods, establishing confidence intervals around measured concentrations, and quantifying the level of accuracy and precision expected when using the validated method.

The global rise of life-threatening diseases, particularly breast cancer, has emerged as a grave public health challenge. Recognizing the distinct structural demands of anti-breast cancer targets, we have synthesized Thiophene-DHPMs analogs by scaffold hopping approach to exhibit versatility having the ability to target proteins targets of cancer and their interactions contingent upon the various substitutions on them. We have harnessed MCRto synthesize novel Thiophene-DHPMs (4a-4d) derivatives introducing an efficient Biginelli protocol approach. All derivatives are characterized through techniques including FTIR and ¹H NMR and evaluated by in vitro SRB assay method on MCF-7 cell line, compared against positive control ADR. Molecular docking studies against kinesin spindle protein Eg5 (1Q0B) revealed superior binding interactions and docking scores (> 8 Kcal) compared to the prototype Eg5 inhibitor Monastrol. Compound 4a binds via Hydrogen bond interaction to target Eg5 with ALA-133, PRO-137, TYR-211 In vitro evaluation of results indicates that compound 4a found to be moderately active (GI₅₀ = -4.41) compared to positive control ADR (GI₅₀ = -7.76) against MCF-7 cells. Compound 4a demonstrates significant activity due to the presence of R=C2H5, X= S, and thiophene ring.