In the present work, synthesis of phthalimide and naphthalimide derived Biginelli compounds was performed. Allylation of phthalic & naphthalic anhydride, followed by ozonolysis resulted in the formation of N-phathalimido/naphpthalimido acetaldehyde (2 and 7). These aldehydes were subjected to Biginelli reaction using urea/thiourea and divergent β-keto esters in the presence of sulfated tin oxide (5 mol%) as catalyst in ethanol reflux to produce the corresponding dihydropyrimidinone compounds (5a-j and 8a-h). Additionally, both their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions were carried out. Compounds 5e, 5f, 5i, and 5j have shown potent to moderate potent activity for both antioxidant and anti-inflamamtory activities when compared to standard. Compounds 8c and 8g have shown potent antioxidant and anti-inflamamtory activities when compared to other compounds.

Giving credit to debtors can pose a default risk. This risk arises because of an error in analyzing the credit risk rate of the debtor. Therefore, this study aims to design a framework for analyzing the credit risk rate of debtors so that the default risk can be reduced. This framework is created using the integration of factor analysis and Tsukamoto’s fuzzy logic method. This integration method can group many credit assessment variables into several decisive factors. In addition, the integration method can estimate credit risk rate firmly based on the α-predicate of each basic rule. This analytical framework is simulated on credit application data at a Rural Bank, in Indonesia. The simulation results show that there are three factors and one variable to measure the credit risk rate, namely: factor 1 represents repayment capacity, business length, working capital, and liquidity value; factor 2 represents the age and the difference between the granted and the proposed loan amount; factor 3 represents the stay length, character, and credit history; and one variable represents a dependent number. This research is expected to help credit institutions measure the credit risk rate in making credit decisions for prospective debtors.

The processes involved to extract chitosan biopolymers from natural resources often employ hazardous chemicals and long processing time. This work provides a sustainable direct extraction method of chitosan from snail shells. Previous attempts using acetogenin in graviola extracts succeeded in the extraction of chitosan from marine shells. However, the slow reaction has prompted the addition of hydrogen bond acceptor solution into the graviola extract. Choline chloride is an excellent hydrogen bond acceptor mixed with acetogenin as hydrogen bond donor to form natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) for the direct extraction of chitosan. Chitosan obtained from this method has a degree of deacetylation of 91% and a molecular weight of 481 kDa with fiber-like morphology. The direct extraction of chitosan from NADES consisting of choline chloride and acetogenin has proven to extract chitosan with comparable properties to commercial chitosan.

Life insurance is designed to reduce the risk of financial loss due to unforeseen consequences related to the insured's death. In life insurance, the insurer provides death benefits as a claim when the insured suffers death. The claim is the compensation for a risk loss. Individual claim in one-period insurance is called aggregation claim, while aggregation claim is a collective risk. Collective risk is usually measured using a variance. However, the variance risk measure cannot often accommodate any event risk because there is a risk of claims beyond the amount of variance. Using the proposed method CVaR and confidence level are taken from α = 0.25% until 4%. This study found that the proposed method CVaR scored more fairly than Collective Risk. In conclusion, this study indicated that the collective risk model is just included using mean and variance without any confidence level. Therefore, only one result for the Collective Risk model, which automatically shows the model using mean, variance and standard deviation, could not accommodate all risk events.

Global business is getting more and more cutthroat. Digital technology plays a significant role in giving companies a competitive advantage and improving the effectiveness of corporate processes. The Malaysian government has advanced by implementing e-government to use digital technologies to improve operations. In line with the objective of Malaysia’s government, this study examines the impact of e-procurement adoption and e-procurement determinants on supply chain performance among Malaysian manufacturing companies. Using a quantitative research design with an online survey questionnaire, 99 responses from manufacturers listed in the Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers directory were obtained, representing 19.41% of the response rates. It fulfilled the minimum sample size of 92, and the data were examined using PLS-SEM. A total of 13 hypotheses are supported, accepted hypotheses one and two in which top management support and information communication technology infrastructure do not directly affect supply chain management. Besides, the findings prove this study's mediating effect on e-procurement adoption. It indicates that most Malaysian manufacturing companies have embraced e-procurement to support their supply chain operations.

The purpose of the study is to examine the mediating role of corporate image on the influence of retailers’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices of a fast-food chain brand and its corporate reputation. The study utilized the dimensions of the retailer’s CSR dimension. This study focused on the external stakeholders (customers) of X fast food brand in Klang Valley. Social exchange theory was employed to guide the study. Quantitative (survey) methods have been used in this study, whereby 150 valid online questionnaires were gathered among the customers in the Petaling Jaya and analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (Smart-PLS 4.0). The findings showed that Philanthropic activities, Respect for the Environment, and Respect for Consumers have positive and significant relationships with corporate image, and corporate image also has a positive and significant relationship with corporate reputation. Furthermore, there is a significant mediating effect of corporate image on the relationship between CSR practices (Respect for Consumers, Respect for the Environment, Philanthropic Activities) and corporate reputation. The conclusion, implications, and suggestions for future studies were also discussed.

The development of technology and science in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era requires companies to increase effectiveness and efficiency to maintain a competitive advantage. Supply chain management is the integration of business processes involving end customers and key suppliers whose function is to provide value to customers and stakeholders by providing products, services, and information. Implementation of supply chain management is considered an operational function or company activity that greatly determines the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain. This research aims to analyze the relationship between the implementation of supply chain management and the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), the relationship between supply chain management, and the relationship between competitive advantage and the performance of SMEs. The research uses a quantitative descriptive approach. The quantitative approach is data in the form of numbers which are generally arranged through structured questions. The questionnaire contains statement items designed using a Likert scale from 1 to 7. The data in this study uses cross-sectional data because the data collection was carried out in a certain period. The data was obtained from distribution of online questionnaires via social media. The unit of analysis used in this research is the owners/managers of SMEs in Indonesia. The sampling technique used in this research is a non-probability sampling technique, namely purposive sampling. The total sample for this research was 432 respondents. The data management used in this research is the Structural Equation Model (SEM) method, which is a collection of statistical testing techniques on a series of relatively complex relationships, simultaneously. The data processing tool is SmartPLS 3.0. The SEM technique is used to examine and justify different hypotheses of the survey. Hypothesis testing is carried out by comparing the p-value with a confidence level (alpha) of 5% (

China listed companies play a significant role in fostering the economy's quality development and are leaders in the application of ESG principles by businesses. The application of ESG principles by listed companies is crucial to achieving a ‘win-win’ situation of social benefits and corporate economic benefits and raising the bar for high-quality development. Nevertheless, studies on the connection between corporate high-quality development and ESG information disclosure by China listed companies are few and contentious. This paper examines the role that ESG information disclosure plays in the development of corporate high-quality and the intermediary mechanism of green technology innovation in enterprises using panel data of China A-share non-financial listed companies from 2013 to 2022. The empirical results show that ESG disclosure and its three dimensions can significantly promote high-quality enterprise development. The study also discovers that high-quality enterprise development and ESG information disclosure are partially mediated by green technology innovation. The article’s findings serve as a guide for businesses, investors, and governments looking to adopt ESG practices.

The current study was primarily intended to assess the Health Belief Model on Food Safety Behaviour with the moderating role of willingness to comply in the context of Jordanian restaurants. HBM comprises numerous factors including perceived benefits (PBN), perceived susceptibility (PSU), perceived severity (PSV), cues to action (CA), perceived barriers (PBR), and self–efficacy (SE). A quantitative research design was adopted, and data collection was done via Google Forms from the Amman Chamber of Industry and Jordanian Restaurant Association (JRA). A purposive sampling approach was used, and the target population were the restaurants from Amman, Jordan. Initially, total 500 questionnaires have been distributed of which 302 responses were received as well as after eliminating missing or improper responses, only 296 were processed for the final analysis. Data analysis was done via Smart-PLS. The outcomes enlightened a positive interlinkage between perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived susceptibility, cues to action, and self–efficacy with food safety behaviour. However, PSV and FSB didn’t show any relation. The moderating analysis of WC revealed the absence of any moderating impact on perceived susceptibility, benefits, and perceived severity on food safety behaviour. Likewise, the demographic details of the participants were utilized as control variables and did not yield any impact on the food safety behaviour. To sum up, the study concludes that public health professionals and legal representatives, including lawmakers, ought to educate food handlers regarding the significance of food safety behaviours due to widespread misconceptions about how current food safety standards promote positive results. Consequently, Jordanian restaurants should strictly adhere to safety-related regulatory protocols to meet the growing demands of consumers. The findings of the current work also offer valuable theoretical as well as practical implications for the practitioners in the field.

This paper investigates the shear strength and failure modes of steel-concrete-steel (SCS) sandwich composite member with Engineered Cementitious Concrete (ECC) and explores the influences of various shear connectors such as headed stud and bolt on shear behavior of SCS sandwich composite member by carrying out push-out testing program. Based on the test results in this study, the failure modes and the load-slip behavior of the specimens are investigated. In addition, the experimental results on the shear resistance of the headed stud connector with various connector spacing and numbers of connector is compared and explored.