Wide range of 2,4,5-trisubstituted imidazoles were synthesized using eco-friendly, readily available, inexpensive Zn(OAc)2•2H2O (5 mol%) under solvent-free conditions in moderate to excellent yields by condensation from aldehyde, ammonium acetate and benzil at 70 0C. The optimized reaction parameters were successfully applied for the synthesis of divergent 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstitued imidazoles using aromatic amine as fourth component. All the imidazole derivatives were sufficiently characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectral analyses.

Herbicides used on a regular basis could endanger non-target species like earthworms. The aim of this work was to test the toxic effect of atrazine and metribuzin on Aporrectodea caliginosa by filter paper contact and soil mixing techniques. Atrazine had the highest intrinsic toxicity to earthworms, with LC50 of 0.026 µg mL-1 after 72 hr of treatment. While the LC50 of metribuzin was 0.063 µg mL-1 after 72 hr by filter paper contact test. LC50 was reduced from 11.121 to 3.118 and 164.824 to 19.113 μg g soil-1 in clay soil, from 32.221 to 17.33 and 324.141 to 41.028 μg g soil-1 in soil (1:1) and from 41.234 to 30.804 and 462.255 to 70.902 μg g soil-1 in sandy clay loam soil of atrazine and metribuzin after 5 and 10 day. Generally, atrazine is more toxic than metribuzin in both tests.

In the present work the synthesis of 4-phenyl-2, 6-di (thiazol-2-yl) pyridine copper chloride (abbreviated as Cu-DTPy) complex using copper (II) chloride and 2, 6-di (thiazol-2-yl) pyridine has been carried out. The complex has been specified by UV-Vis, FT-IR, CHNS and ESI-MS methods of analysis. The synthesized copper complex has been used as catalyst in the oxidation of p-aminophenol using hexacyanoferrate (III) ions as an oxidant in aqueous alkaline medium by kinetic-spectrophotometric method. This experimental work was carried out at optimum pH 11.0 and temperature 25ºC. The variation of effect of concentration of p-aminophenol (abbreviated as PAP), hexacyanoferrate (III) ions, and Cu-DTPy catalyst on reaction rate has been studied. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy of activation, activation energy, enthalpy and frequency factor have been evaluated with the change in rate of the reaction at four disparate temperatures i.e. 25-40ᵒC. The oxidation products have been identified by FT-IR and ESI-MS spectroscopic analytical techniques. The major product of this reaction is NN’-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxy-5-amino-1,4-benzoquinone di-imine. Thus, this method is highly efficient and environmentally safe to remove PAP from polluted water resources.

A review of the literature, multiple authors in order to systematize information on the effect of temperature in the range of 25-42 ° C on blood proteins, to conduct further studies of the effect of temperature on the stability of fibrinogen molecules in aqueous solution. Study of works on the determination of conformation and stability of protein molecules in the temperature range of living organisms.

The soil type and temperature are considered important parameters that can influence the rates and equilibria of different environmental processes. Therefore, the adsorption and desorption isotherms of fipronil in clay loam, clay, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, sand and loamy sand soils at 25 and 50˚C was studied. The amount of fipronil adsorbed and desorbed by different soils was significantly influenced by the temperature. Adsorption was higher in clay loam, clay, sandy clay loam and sandy soil at 25°C, while sand soil and loamy sand soil at 50°C. The non-desorbed amount was greater at 25°C in different types of soil except for clay loam soil. The negative ΔG˚ indicated that the adsorption/desorption in different types of soil was spontaneous at different temperatures. The value of standard enthalpy change (ΔH˚) was positive in clay soil, sandy loam soil, sandy clay loam soil and loamy sand soil for adsorption and sandy loam soil, sand soil and loamy sand soil for desorption. Moreover, the standard entropy change (ΔS˚) was negative in soils for adsorption and desorption isotherms except clay loam soil. Adsorption and desorption isotherms trends as well as the values of the correlation coefficients indicated that the adsorption and desorption isotherms of fipronil in tested soils were fitted to the Freundlich model because the correlation coefficient is very close to 0.999.

In Egypt, the request for salt fish products has been increasing during many feasts because it is one of Egypt's favorite foods. It has been reported that in certain seasons, these products cause toxicity and even death. Most fish poisonings around the world are known to be caused by elevated histamine levels. Thus, the study assessed the histamine levels of herring and fesikh samples available on the market and established the safety of these products with recommendations for various treatments that may inhibit the production of histamine in herring and fesikh through bacteria and enzyme production. Before manufacturing herring and fesikh, the fresh fish is soaked for one hour in a modified pH solution of 4 by vinegar with the addition of natural substances individually or in combination (such as garlic, onion, hot pepper, or aloe vera) or some chemicals singly (such as edta, nisin, h2o2, formic acid, and so2). The levels of histamine in herring (111 to 138 mg/kg) and fesikh (214 to 279 mg/kg) were unsafe in marketable samples. The histamine levels of herring and fesikh in proposed treatments were safe since they did not exceed 26 mg/kg after 30 days of cold storage for herring or 45 mg/kg after maturity of fesikh. The proposed treatments enhanced greatly herring and fesikh organoleptic qualities, especially those containing natural ingredients, such as garlic, hot pepper, or their mixture beside onion, which are more accepted treatments.

The aim of this study was the investigation of how adsorbents made from Leucaena leucocephala (L. Leu) leaf and bark materials were effective in treating wastewater containing methyl red dye (MeReD). The functional groups in the phytochemical elements from the bark and leaves of L.Leu offer active surface sites and enable the adsorption mechanism. The investigations were done in batch mode. Contact time, adsorbent dose concentration, temperature, pH, and initial MeReD concentration were all examined as significant parameters impacting the sorption process. The study found that significant MeReD removal efficiency was achieved after 90 min of contact time, pH 4.0 units, 1.2 gm/L adsorbent dose concentration, 100 ppm initial MeReD quantity, and 30 oC temperature. The developed adsorbents were applied to samples gathered from dye companies in Hyderabad and Guntur. The extraction of MeReD (81.2% to 90.0%) from untreated wastewater contaminated with MeReD using developed adsorbents was very efficient.

Single crystal X-ray diffraction is the only experimental technique available to elucidate the complete three-dimensional structure of the samples at molecular and atomic levels. But this technique demands defect-free single crystals. Growing good quality single crystals which are suitable to collect X-ray intensity data is an art rather than science. Among the various crystal growth methods, the most effective and commonly used is the slow evaporation method. Using this method, defect-free single crystals of the ground mixture of gallic acid (GA) and butyramide (BU) taken in a 1:1 molar ratio are obtained. The compound was subjected to experimental characterizations like; PXRD, FTIR, SCXRD, and TGA. Further, these results were utilized in the computational characterizations namely, Hirshfeld surface analysis, interaction energy calculations, DFT studies, and docking studies. Structural characterization revealed that the GA-BU compound was crystallized as a cocrystal hydrate with 2:1:1 stoichiometry in a monoclinic crystal system and P21/n space group. Structural studies exposed the presence of various inter and intramolecular hydrogen bond interactions, ring synthons, DDAA environment of the water molecule, and π ... π stacking interactions. The contribution of the several close contacts to the crystal structure, the influence of different interaction energies in the packing, the HOMO-LUMO energy gap, and the location of reactive sites were realized through computational studies. Further, a molecular docking study has been performed to check the antiviral activity of the title compound against COVID-19.