This research examines Saudi Arabia's stock market performance from 1991 to 2021 while exploring the long-term and immediate effects of economic factors. The study employs Johansen cointegration tests alongside the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyse the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), trade balance and government expenditure on stock market performance. The research shows that macroeconomic variables affect market capitalisation results since GDP growth and trade openness lead to positive stock market performance; however, FDI and inflation create inconsistent effects. Results indicate the stock market maintains a long-term equilibrium between variables, leading to long-term correction of market deviations. The present study extends the discussion in the literature by offering a comprehensive and empirical analysis of the Saudi Equity Market as related to the economic diversification process, with a focus on the Saudi Arabia Vision 2030. This research calls for a solid and pro-active fiscal framework to stem inflation, attract good quality foreign capital and enhance the financial institutions. They are very useful in the formulation of strategic development plans that would foster long-term sustainable growth and increase investor confidence. The findings of this study are useful for policymakers, investors, and other analytical experts interested in the relationship between economic determinants and capital market returns, specifically within the context of Saudi Arabia, a young economy in the group of commodity-exporting countries. This study contributes original empirical evidence on the long- and short-run effects of macroeconomic indicators on stock market performance in Saudi Arabia. By applying the VECM approach across a 31-year period, it offers valuable insights for policymakers and investors in managing financial markets during economic diversification under Vision 2030.

This article explores the impact of human capital on the process of economic expansion of Peru’s central region between 2009 and 2022, using data from INEI and MEF. A non-experimental design with panel data was applied, along with two econometric approaches: The Feasible Generalized Least Squares estimation method (FGLS) as well as the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimation, which was used to analyze how human capital stock and investment influence real GDP. The analyzed dimensions were education and health, measured through institutional indicators, teaching staff, health coverage, and public expenditure. The results reveal positive and significant effects, with the models explaining 82% and 78% of GDP variability, highlighting public spending on education as the main determinant. In summary, human capital—both in terms of stock and investment—constitutes an essential factor in regional economic growth, reinforcing the need to strengthen public and economic policies in Peru’s central macro-region.

Our research used a SVAR to analyze the underlying copper price shocks, that is, a commodity shock for the Junín department in Peru. The results of a short- and long-run SVAR were based on traditional matrix constraints that capture the fact that domestic shocks do not affect international prices. The main conclusion is that before the pandemic a shock in the international price of copper decreases economic growth and inflation in the department of Junín in Peru, after the pandemic the opposite happens. As a result of the model, the short and long-run effects of the international copper price on the main macroeconomic variables of Junín in Peru are statistically significant. Before the pandemic, the dynamics of the international copper price reflected the existence of the curse of mining resources in copper institutions. Before the pandemic, a percentage increase in the international price of copper decreased economic growth, reflecting the existence of the mining resource curse in copper institutions. After the pandemic, a percentage increase in the price of copper increases economic growth by up to 0.0488%, then decreases over time, noting the transitory effect of economic recovery and poor management of mineral resources.

The increasing worldwide focus on sustainable development has drawn significant attention to environmental issues. The focus is on minimizing energy usage to lessen environmental harm. However, conversations regarding this subject have raised worries. Sustainable development is gaining respect from economists and policymakers due to its potential impact on productivity. The reason for conducting this research is to evaluate the effects of energy consumption, economic growth, trade liberalization, and urbanization on carbon emissions within the context of Saudi Arabia. The data was collected longitudinally from 1980 to 2022 and comes from World Development Indicators and Our World in Data. The study found cointegration among the variables using the ARDL model Short-term CO2 emissions were inversely related to previous delays, economic growth, and trade liberalization, but directly connected to energy consumption and urbanization. Long-term data demonstrates that the usage of energy, urbanization, and trade liberalization have a positive correlation with CO2 emissions, but economic development and previous CO2 emissions have a negative correlation. The study's results are briefly discussed, and several recommendations are made accordingly.

This article briefly explains the simultaneous spatial durbin panel (SSDP) model. The study of the SSDP model is substantial because it can explain the interaction between geographic units, is more informative, diverse, efficient, exhaustive, and accurate in reaching conclusions that influence the policy determination. This article’s intention is to derive a parameter estimation method from the SSDP model using a modified generalized estimating equation approach, which is then used to model economic growth in ASEAN nations. This article compares the SSDP model with rook contiguity, 2-nearest neighbors, and a customized spatial weighted matrix in relation to an independent, first-order autoregressive, exchangeable working correlation structure. To model economic growth in ASEAN countries, a customized weighted matrix with first-order autoregressive and exchangeable working correlations is chosen based on the CIC value. The parameter analysis outcomes indicate: 1) it is a significant spatial dependence among ASEAN countries; 2) it is a significant simultaneous interaction among the gross domestic product (GDP) and foreign direct investment (FDI); 3) GDP has a greater influence on FDI than FDI does on GDP; 4) The economic growth is directly affected by the labor force total; and 5) trade openness has a direct effect on FDI.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of public debt sustainability on economic growth in the period 2000-2021 and establish a new optimal debt level that does not affect Peru's economic growth. The general method used to determine this effect was the hypothetical deductive method with a non-experimental and longitudinal trend design, because the data to be analyzed are variations that have occurred over time; the VAR (vector autoregressive) model was used as a specific method, because the evidence was insufficient to consider the simultaneity between the reactions of the variables to propose an SVAR model. Data were collected from economic portals such as the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), as well as the Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP). The estimated sample size was 88 observations representing all quarters from 2000 to 2021. As a result of the econometric regression, the impact of the level of public debt on economic growth is positive, since a one-unit increase in the percentage of public debt will increase the variation of GDP by almost 1.1%. Regarding the debt level forecast and according to the projection made, it was determined that the new debt level that does not affect the sustainability of public finances or the long-term economic growth of the Peruvian economy should be 38% of GDP.

The present research analyzes the short and long run relationship between Energy Consumption, Economic growth, and Carbon Dioxide emissions in Jordan. The study employs two (2) models: 1: Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach and 2: Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger causality and impulse response function. The results reveal that energy consumption has a positive impact on carbon dioxide emissions and in turn carbon dioxide emissions have a positive link to economic growth. Further, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is tested, and it reveals that the EKC hypothesis is validated in the case of Jordan since the carbon dioxide emissions show a significant impact on economic growth in the short and long run. The study provides important results for future researchers and government policy makers.

This study aims to examine the relationships between capital expenditure, supply chain activities, economic growth, and community welfare in the districts and cities of Central Kalimantan Province. The study analyzes the original sample data from 2014 to 2022 using a path analysis approach. The findings reveal significant positive relationships between capital expenditure, economic growth, and community welfare. However, the hypothesized positive relationships between supply chain activities and economic growth, supply chain activities and community welfare, and economic growth and community welfare are not supported. Moreover, the mediating roles of economic growth in the relationships between capital expenditure and community welfare and supply chain activities and community welfare are not confirmed. Theoretical implications highlight the importance of strategic capital expenditure in driving economic growth and enhancing community welfare. Practically, the study guides policymakers and development planners to allocate resources effectively for sustainable and balanced economic expansion. The study has limitations, including focusing on direct relationships and the specificity of Central Kalimantan Province. Future research could include external factors, apply cross-regional analyses, and utilize qualitative approaches to gain deeper insights. Additionally, spatial analyses could enhance understanding of geographic impacts. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive exploration of the interplay between capital expenditure, supply chain activities, economic growth, and community welfare in the context of Central Kalimantan Province. By shedding light on the intricate dynamics between these variables, this study contributes to the existing literature on regional development and public policy while offering insights for informed decision-making and sustainable development practices.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of the halal supply chain on the halal tourism industry and economic growth. The idea was tested using quantitative methodology in this study. The research instrument was a questionnaire filled out by the respondents. The participants in this study were MSME actors in the tourism industry in Banten Province, Indonesia. For this study, 113 participants were selected using purposive sampling, and data were analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM). The findings from this study are that the halal supply chain has a positive and statistically significant effect on the halal tourism industry. In addition, the halal supply chain and the halal tourism industry affect economic growth. These findings contribute as additional literature for further research that the halal supply chain is an essential factor for the halal tourism industry in Indonesia.

The study aimed to analyze and measure the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in Jordan during the period 1990-2020 using time series analysis; the study tests the stationarity of the time series using the ARDL model. The results show a positive and significant effect of each, renewable energy consumption, gross fixed capital formation, carbon dioxide emissions, and total population, on the real gross domestic product (GDP). The study recommends the importance of government agencies adopting specialized programs in reducing emissions with stakeholders' participation. To work together to spread awareness in this field, limit the spread of these emissions, and ensure that this is a complementary condition for the sectors participating in these programs to obtain funding and provide it over other sectors.