Adsorption isotherm of fenitrothion and thiobencarb were significantly greater on humic acid (HA) fraction followed by clay fraction compared to that on bulk soils of clay soil and sandy clay loam soil. The different adsorbents (HA fraction, clay fraction and bulk soil) of clay soil were more adsorbed fenitrothion and thiobencarb than the adsorbents of sandy clay loam soil. Adsorption capacity of soil mineral fractions can be arranged for fenitrothion and thiobencarb in the order; clay > silt > sand fraction, it is attributed to their difference in surface area. Using the soil fraction contribution in adsorption, data of the soil analysis and Karickhoff model, it was discovered that, at all different initial concentrations of fenitrothion and thiobencarb, the total prospective contribution of the various constituents together was substantially higher than what was actually adsorbed on bulk soil. Mean of actual amounts for fenitrothion adsorbed on the bulk soil was 33.65% for clay soil and 24.28% for sandy clay loam soil. Also, mean of actual amounts for thiobencarb adsorbed on the clay soil was 30.87% and on sandy soil was 16.62%. It's possible that certain active sites on clay and HA fractions were inactive during adsorption because they were occluded by other substances. Because the clay fraction (fclay) is larger than the organic matter (OM) fraction (fOM), it plays a significant role in the tested pesticide adsorption process. These results highlight the important function that clay minerals play in pesticide sorption because of their higher ratio to OM content.

The treatment of water polluted by harmful metals such as zinc and copper is a major challenge due to its consequences for the environment and health. This study examines the potential of a calcite-quartz clay from western Morocco as an abundant, inexpensive, and effective adsorbent for their removal. The adsorption mechanisms were elucidated using kinetic and isothermal modeling, supported by an in-depth physicochemical and structural characterization of the adsorbent, including X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and textural characterization by specific surface area measurement. The kinetics, which follow the pseudo-second order model, are both rapid and efficient. For Zn²⁺ (10 mg. L^-1, pH= 6.5), equilibrium is reached in 120 minutes, with a maximum capacity of 61.22 mg.g-1 and a removal rate of 99.46 %. Cu2+ (pH=5.6) shows comparable behavior, with stabilization at 150 minutes, a capacity of 59.40 mg.g^-1 and an efficiency of 91.46 %. Analysis of the isotherms shows that the adsorption of Cu²⁺ by the clay under study follows the Langmuir model, whereas the adsorption of Zn²⁺ exhibits behavior consistent with adsorption at multiple sites, in accordance with the Freundlich model. SEM-EDX and FTIR analyses confirmed the adsorption of the metals studied at the clay interface. These results highlight the validity and importance of the calcite-quartz clay analyzed for the treatment of effluents loaded with copper and zinc, offering a favorable alternative to traditional methods.

In this study, Pistacia terebinthus was employed to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles with an eco-friendly method for the first time. Furthermore, this is the first report investigating the environmental remediation applications of Pistacia terebinthus-templated iron oxide nanoparticles. The isolator characteristics of two nanoparticles, prepared by water and ethyl acetate extracts, were confirmed by optical band energies (3.19 and 3.67 eV). As expected from plant-mediated synthesis, the phytogenic nanoparticles, approximately 20-30 nm in size, exhibited highly agglomerated amorphous morphologies. The methylene blue removal activities of both nanoparticles, of which mild colloidal stabilities (-14.3 and -15.3 mV), were evaluated to manifest their environmental remediation potential. The nanoparticles obtained from the aqueous extract exhibited 77% methylene blue removal within 30 minutes, while those synthesized using the ethyl acetate extract achieved 62% methylene blue removal within 35 minutes. Both iron oxide nanoparticles remediated methylene blue via the adsorption pathway following pseudo-second-order kinetics.

This theoretical study investigates the adsorption of eco-friendly tannins on cellulose surfaces as a means to develop sustainable wood adhesives with reduced formaldehyde emissions. Conceptual density functional theory calculations reveal the global and local chemical reactivity parameters governing the interaction between tannins and wood substrates. Monte Carlo simulations explore the configuration space of substrate adsorbate, while molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the binding strength and stability of tannins. The results demonstrate that tannins adsorb parallel to the cellulose surface, driven by donor-acceptor interactions. The adsorption energy calculations reveal spontaneous adsorption, with prodelphinidin exhibiting the strongest adsorption energy. This research provides valuable insights into the adsorption behavior of tannins and contributes to the development of eco-friendly wood adhesives that mitigate formaldehyde emissions.

Knowledge of pesticide adsorption characteristics is essential to predict their behavior in soil. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms of two insecticides chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and dinotefuran (DNF) on two common Egyptian soil types, clay loam and sandy loam were studied and modeled. To predict the adsorption isotherms and to determine the adsorption parameters, ten isotherm models: Langmuir (five linear forms), Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Elovick, Fowler-Guggenheim, Kiselev, Jovanoic, Harkins-Jura, and Halsey were applied on experimental data. The results revealed that the adsorption isotherm models fitted the data in the order of Halsey > Freundlich > Jovanoic > Langmuir isotherme. The models of Harkins-Jura, Elovich, Temkin, and Fowler-Guggenheim are not applicable to predict the adsorption isotherms of the tested insecticides. In order to determine the best-fit isotherm, the correlation coefficient (R2), comparing the experimental (exp) and calculated (cal) adsorption data, and a normalized standard deviation (Δg%) were used to evaluate the data. Therefore, the isotherm models Halsey and Freundlich could be used to predict the adsorption characteristics of CAP and DNF in the common Egyptian soil types, clay loam and sandy loam. Consequently, the mathematical models Halsey, Freundlich, and Jovanoic can describe the fate of CAP and DNF and can be used to control Egyptian soil contamination.

This investigation demonstrates the successful synthesis of well-crystallized pristine and Ag-doped BiFeO3 microspheres using flash auto combustion technology. The effects of Ag doping on the morphology and microstructural characteristics were thoroughly examined through SEM, EDS, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Gas sensing experiments were performed to evaluate the response of the synthesized materials to NO gas. The results revealed a remarkable enhancement in the gas sensing capabilities of 5% wt Ag-doped BiFeO3 compared to pure BiFeO3. Specifically, the gas response towards NO was found to be 2.4 times higher for Ag-doped BiFeO3. This significant improvement can be attributed to the presence of Ag atoms within the lattice structure, which not only increased the density of holes in the material but also created additional gas molecule adsorption sites. Furthermore, the Ag dopant exhibited a catalytic effect, contributing to the excellent gas sensor performance of the material. These findings hold great promise for the development of highly sensitive and efficient gas sensors, particularly in applications where the detection of low concentrations of NO is crucial. The utilization of flash auto combustion technology in the synthesis process offers a viable route for scalable production of advanced gas sensing materials with enhanced performance.

Heavy metals contamination of water is a serious and complex environmental problem due to rapid industrialization, bioaccumulation and non-degradability. Therefore, the reuse of agricultural waste in the process of purifying water from pollutants is an attractive and promising method. Almost inexpensive materials are used to purify water, thus achieving the desired economic and environmental goal. In this study banana peel (BP) was used before and after modification by 0.1M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to enhance the removal of Zinc Zn(II), Lead Pb(II) and Nickel Ni(II). The effect of various parameters was studied Such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage and initial metal ion concentration at 5 ppm. All these parameters were studied in batch experiments for a comparative study. The removal percentage was found to be 84% Zn (II),78%Pb (II) and 72% Ni (II) before modification and 92% Zn (II) , 94% Pb (II) and 96% Ni (II) after modification at initial concentration of 5 ppm. The data obtained from sorption isotherms were described with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models but were found to be well fitted for the Langmuir model. The correlation coefficient values R2 for Langmuir were at the range (0.996-0.999) while that for Freundlich were at the range (0.912-0.972). The rate of adsorption follows Pseudo-second-order kinetics. This work proved the high banana peels efficiency as an adsorbent agent for heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions.

A series of isoxazole derivatives, 3-aryl-5-[5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-furyl]-2,3-dihydroisoxazoles (5a-j) were synthesized by cyclocondensation reaction between 1-aryl-3-[5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-furyl]prop-2-en-1-ones (4a-j) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of sodium acetate in glacial acetic acid at reflux temperature. Formerly, compounds (4a-j) were synthesized by the condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl) furan-2-carbaldehyde (3) with various aromatic ketones by using alkali as catalyst. The structures of the synthesized various isoxazole have been characterized by using elemental analysis, Infrared,¹H-NMR spectroscopy and further supported by Mass spectroscopy. All the products have been screened for their in-vitro biological assay like antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and antifungal activity towards Aspergillus niger at a concentration of 40 µg/ml. It was exposed that the compounds 5a, 5c, 5e, 5f, and 5i showed inspiring antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to the used reference standard.

The corrosion inhibition power of an eco-friendly green inhibitor Ixora coccinea extract (ICE) for mild steel in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO₄ was analysed using physicochemical and electrochemical techniques. 1–5 v/v% ICE was prepared and added into the corrosive acidic media for different analyses. Weight loss measurements conducted for a period of 24hrs for mild steel immersion revealed 89.38% and 77.96% inhibition capacity of ICE in 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO₄ medium respectively. Electrochemical impedance parameters show that as concentration is increased, efficiency increases and double layer capacitance decreases. Potentiodynamic polarization techniques are also in good agreement with impedance studies and exhibit the mixed type inhibition character of ICE. Electrochemical noise spectrum also strongly supports the anti-corrosive property of ICE and the magnitude of noise signal decreases concerning the increase in ICE concentration. Ixorene, which is one of the major constituents of Ixora coccinea leaves was also studied for its corrosion inhibition nature by quantum mechanical calculations and was found to match with all other results. Adsorption studies of ICE are in accordance with Langmuir isotherm. Surface morphological studies confirm the formation of a protective barrier on mild steel surface in both media, i.e., 1 M HCl and 0.5 M H2SO₄.

This study was focused to investigate the adsorptive behavior of activated carbon prepared from wheat straw treated with acid and base for the removal of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). The morphology of the adsorbent was characterized using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Compared with acid activated wheat straw, base activated wheat straw has provided lower ash content, moisture and volatile matter. However, it has higher iodine number than acid activated wheat straw. The removal of 2,4-D from aqueous solution was investigated at various physicochemical parameters such as pH (2–10), contact time (5–60 min), temperature (20-80 oC), amount of adsorbent (0.1-1.4 g) and initial concentration of 2,4-D (1.0-25 mg/L). The removal efficiency of 2,4-D in aqueous solution was found to be 92.02%. The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm and the Langmuir model better describes that the active adsorption sites were homogeneously distributed on the surface of the adsorbent. Therefore, the activated carbon prepared from wheat straw treated with base can be used as efficient and cost-effective method to remove 2,4-D from aqueous solution.