Social dilemmas describe conflict situations between immediate self-interest and longer-term collective interests. In these situations, it is better that all players work together to attain a common goal, but individuals may threaten the best payoff of the group by free-riding. Human behavior in a pandemic is one example of a social dilemma but wait-and-see games and relying on herd immunity to get a free ride generates a threat of continuing the pandemic. This study aims to use probabilistic incentives given by a third party as a mechanism to inhibit free-riding behavior by promoting cooperation in the volunteer dilemma game. For more realistic human behavior simulation, we use an agent-based model of network topology. When the parameters of the problem change gradually, an abrupt jump in the cooperation rate may happen and lead to a significant shift in the outcome. Catastrophe theory is a valuable approach to survey these nonlinear changes. This study tries to give some managerial insights to the decision-makers to find the minimum level of necessary effort in which the cooperation dominates the defection.

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted organizational processes and activities. Unlike previous pandemics, COVID-19 has affected everyone directly or indirectly. To protect employees from the virus and associated risks, organizations have focused on developing occupational health and safety management systems. While safety policies and practices were already in place before the pandemic, the emergence of new physical and psychological risks has led organizations to amend their safety and health management systems. Governments have introduced health containment measures such as social distancing, working in shifts, and mandatory quarantine to enhance safety for people worldwide. Employers have also introduced safety measures to build confidence in implementation. These safety management practices have influenced employees' behaviors during the pandemic, and this study aims to examine their impact. Specifically, the study aims to determine the impact of management practices on the behavior of healthcare employees regarding their safety in a threatening environment. Additionally, the study seeks to investigate the indirect influence of management practices on employees' behavior through perceived risks and efficacy. It is important to note that there has been a lack of research on the impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia. This study found that management commitment did not directly influence employee safety behavior. However, management commitment towards workplace safety practices had a significant and direct influence on healthcare employees' perceived risk associated with COVID-19 and their efficacy. Consequently, management commitment was found to indirectly influence employee safety behavior through efficacy.

This study explores the effect of social isolation (SI) on the psychological wellbeing (PWB) of employees due to the imposed distance education during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown. Drawing on individual psychological resources to improve wellbeing, researchers examine emotional intelligence (EI) as a possible mediator that reduces the effect of social isolation. In this quantitative study, questionnaires were administered to measure SI, EI, and PWB among academic and non-academic staff in Iraqi public universities during the height of the Covid-19 outbreak. The results suggest that EI and SI were strong predictors of PWB. While SI was negatively and significantly related to EI, the presence of emotional intelligence as a mediator reduced the negative effect of isolation on wellbeing. Gender was not found to moderate the mediating effect of EI on the SI-PWB association. These findings support the validity of incorporating EI interventions during pandemic outbreaks that produce distinct effects on the isolation and thus potentially result in improving the wellbeing of employees. Although employees high on EI are viewed less socially isolated and high on wellbeing within literature there is a relative dearth of supporting research that has not examined these inter-relationships during a genuinely imposed lockdown such as the one during the Covid-19 pandemic which provided standardization as to the social isolation context understudied. Another theoretical gap included the psychometric revision of the social isolation scale.

Investment is a way of getting profit by investing a certain amount of capital in certain assets. Investing in shares in LQ45 amid the Covid-19 pandemic is one way to benefit when many sectors are experiencing an economic downturn. The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in the optimal portfolio of LQ45 stocks in the 2019 and 2020 quadrimester I. The samples of this study were companies listed in LQ45. This research method uses the treynor index and t-test. The results of this study are that there is a significant difference in the optimal portfolio using the treynor index model between quadrimester I 2019 and 2020 on LQ45 stocks, this is influenced by conditions amid the Covid-19 pandemic which affects all sectors. The highest optimal number of purchases in the month April 2020 is occupied by companies with the KLBF code, this is an advantage that the company gets during the Covid-19 pandemic. Future research is expected to be able to allocate investment funds optimally for each share to achieve optimal profits. The investor is expected to be able to estimate in advance the stocks that will be selected for their investment.

The aim of this research is to study the acceptance of university students to use Microsoft Teams e-Learning system and their intention to use it as a Learning Management System (LMS) for education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan. An ex-tended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with a blend of external factors that are used together for the first time was developed and used for the purpose of this study. TAM was used because of its wide use and success during the past few years for evaluating the influence of different factors affecting the acceptance and intention to use e-Learning platforms within educational institutes. However, all the studies were examining the variables and factors affecting the behavioral intention and acceptance to use LMSs when normal and conventional classroom study is available. In this research, seven external variables, in addition to the four TAM variables, were introduced in a model including one external variable, Internet Connectivity (IC), used for the first time in the field of education. A model is constructed by extending TAM with the introduced external variables, hypotheses are constructed and a questionnaire for 396 students at two universities in Jordan is conducted. Reliability, confirmatory factor, model fit, and hypothesized structural model analyses are presented. Results show that all the variables tested affect, either directly or indirectly, the acceptance and intention to use MS Teams during the pandemic. 21 hypotheses were tested between the constructs and found significant except the relations between (Social Norm - Perceived Usefulness) and (Technical Support - Perceived Usefulness).

Global pandemic has provoked industries with unprecedented challenges. Stratagems to squash the COVID-19 bow like communal lockdown, social isolation, work at home, containment zones and all restraints sited on travel with stay home orders issued by the authorities led to sharp failure in revenues of service and manufacturing industries. The COVID-19 pandemic has shattered the transportation links with supply chain amongst suppliers, production amenities and consumers. Mostly the business executives are penetrating about passable strategies and plans for restoring production lines to encounter customer mandates. In this paper the pandemic effect of Indian business is considered which are affected by critical barriers of supply chains in the Indian scenario. These critical barriers are identified on a priority basis using the MADM approach. Furthermore, the study will help the scholars to grow conceptual models for maintaining a better supply chain to overwhelm this world-wide problem.