The economic landscape of Saudi Arabia has undergone significant changes in recent years, largely due to various administrative law reforms. The aim of this research paper is to examine the administrative law reforms in Saudi Arabia and their impact on the country's business environment. Based on the findings, the law reforms made in Saudi Arabia include initiating businesses, safeguarding the interests of minority investors, facilitating trade, ensuring contract enforcement, providing access to electricity, facilitating credit acquisition, granting construction permits, and resolving insolvency. Saudi Arabia should take steps to raise public awareness about corruption and establish more robust laws to safeguard whistleblowers. The country should also allocate resources to training programs and establish partnerships with advanced, specialized courts. Creating entrepreneurship programs and workshops to promote an entrepreneurial mindset in schools and the community is crucial. Saudi Arabia can create a favorable environment for economic growth and development by implementing these measures.

In this article, the research team uses the VAR self-regression vector model to evaluate the impact of exchange rates on inflation and economic growth in Vietnam over the period 2005-2018. With six endogenous variables included in the VAR model: bilateral real exchange rate (Er), money supply (M2), exports (X), imports (IM), GDP at 2010 comparative prices (GDPR), the consumer price index (CPI) and the two exogenous variables, international price (Pw) and US Federal Reserve interest rate (Ifed), the research team examines the impact of exchange rates on endogenous variables in the model and considers the reaction of inflation and economic growth on various shocks. Based on the quantitative results, the research team will recommend some discus-sions to contribute for the improvement of Vietnam's macro environment, trade balance, inflation control, and economic growth support; implementing the goal of macroeconomic stability to suit the period of international economic integration and improving national competitiveness.

The aim of this study is focused on how monetary, energy consumption and other factors affect economic growth of the country of Vietnam. Based on collected secondary data covering from the World Bank and Vietnam’s General Statistics Office from 1985 to 2019, and some data collected from the State Bank of Vietnam, Vector Autoregressive Model was considered to apply in order to investigate this relationship. Results show that there exists an association among monetary policy, renewable energy and the country’s economic growth. Especially, the country’s exchange rate shows no influence on its economic growth while interest rate has negative effects and particularly money supply and renewable energy have a positive influence on the same direction and has a strong impact on economic growth.

In this article, the research team systematized the theoretical basis of the monetary transmission mechanism and the impact of interest rate channel in monetary transmission mechanism by Mishkin's approach and used the vector error correction model (VECM) to test the impact of interest rate channel in the monetary transmission mechanism in Vietnam in the period 2005 – 2019. There were 8 endogenous variables included in the VECM model; namely Consumer price index (CPI); Gross domestic product (GDP) at constant 2010 prices (GDPR); Money supply (M2); Refinancing interest rate (ISBV); Average lending interest rate in VND (ILR); Bilateral real exchange rate (ER); Credit to the economy (CRE); VN-Index (VN-INDEX); and, 2 exogenous variables: world consumer price index (PW) and US Federal Reserve interest rate (IFED). The results have shown that: money supply had a clearer effect on average lending interest rate than refinancing rate; Interest rate channel was an important channel to transfer the impact of monetary policy on inflation; Exchange rate and interest rates channel influenced economic growth in Vietnam more strongly than credit and financial asset prices channel did. Besides, the model results also confirm that in Vietnam, inflation in the past played an important role in determining current inflation.

Experiences of developed countries and various studies in the context of economic growth of developing countries have shown that economic growth is not only explained by physical capital and labor force but also, and more importantly, by human capital. The later variable should be entered, as a major determinant, in the endogenous growth model. With the concern of important role of human capital in this research, the primary objective of this paper is to explore the effect of gender discrimination of human capital on economic growth and factor productivity in Iran and the selected OECD countries. More specifically, to indicate the economic capability of educated females, we use data of the considered countries over the period 1974-2008, to estimate the relevant models of growth and productivity. The implication is to compare the empirical results obtained for Iran and the selected developed countries.

This paper presents an empirical investigation to determine whether or there is any difference between the returns of two value and growth portfolios, sorted by price-to-earnings (P/E) and price-to-book value (P/BV), in terms of the ratios of market sensitivity to index (β), firm size and market liquidity in listed firms in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) over the period 2001-2008. The selected firms were collected from those with existing two-consecutive positive P/E and P/BV ratios and by excluding financial and holding firms. There were five independent variables for the proposed study of this paper including P/E, P/B, market size, market sensitivity beta (β) and market liquidity. In each year, we first sort firms in non-decreasing order and setup four set of portfolios with equal firms. Therefore, the first portfolio with the lowest P/E ratio is called value portfolio and the last one with the highest P/E ratio is called growth portfolio. This process was repeated based on P/BV ratio to determine value and growth portfolios, accordingly. The study investigated the characteristics of two portfolios based on firm size, β and liquidity. The study has implemented t-student and Levin’s test to examine different hypotheses and the results have indicated mix effects of market sensitivity, firm size and market liquidity on returns of the firms in various periods.

Capital structure is a controversial issue in the field of corporate finance. There are several studies to find a way to determine the optimal capital structure to minimize the cost of capital and maximize the corporate value. In fact, capital structure is a combination of firms’ liabilities and capital to meet long term assets. This paper investigates the role of the hierarchical theory in explaining the capital structure of the firms based on enterprise life cycle model on selected firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) using three methods of net equities, net liabilities and retained earnings. The study uses Park and Chen’s (2006) method [Park, Y., & Chen, K. H. (2006). The effect of accounting conservatism and life-cycle stages on firm valuation. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 22(3), 75-92.] to categorize the life cycle of 81 randomly selected firms from TSE over the period 2007-2012. The results indicate that the hierarchical theory represents the growing firms better than the matured firms do. The results also show that firms were more willing to reduce their dividend per share for financing their projects.