This research examines Saudi Arabia's stock market performance from 1991 to 2021 while exploring the long-term and immediate effects of economic factors. The study employs Johansen cointegration tests alongside the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyse the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), trade balance and government expenditure on stock market performance. The research shows that macroeconomic variables affect market capitalisation results since GDP growth and trade openness lead to positive stock market performance; however, FDI and inflation create inconsistent effects. Results indicate the stock market maintains a long-term equilibrium between variables, leading to long-term correction of market deviations. The present study extends the discussion in the literature by offering a comprehensive and empirical analysis of the Saudi Equity Market as related to the economic diversification process, with a focus on the Saudi Arabia Vision 2030. This research calls for a solid and pro-active fiscal framework to stem inflation, attract good quality foreign capital and enhance the financial institutions. They are very useful in the formulation of strategic development plans that would foster long-term sustainable growth and increase investor confidence. The findings of this study are useful for policymakers, investors, and other analytical experts interested in the relationship between economic determinants and capital market returns, specifically within the context of Saudi Arabia, a young economy in the group of commodity-exporting countries. This study contributes original empirical evidence on the long- and short-run effects of macroeconomic indicators on stock market performance in Saudi Arabia. By applying the VECM approach across a 31-year period, it offers valuable insights for policymakers and investors in managing financial markets during economic diversification under Vision 2030.

This paper explored the dynamics of monetary policy and its effect on private investment, using annual frequency data from 1981 to 2017. The paper employed autoregressive distributive lags methodology to estimate the link between private investment and some selected monetary indicators. Empirical finding shows that broad money supply increases private investment in the long run for the study area. Interestingly, our study shows inverse relationship between exchange rate and private investment. These findings are insightful for policymakers for strategic policy mix construction. Consequently, the study recommends, among other things, proper coordination of monetary and fiscal policies, good macroeconomic policies, proper channeling of financial resources to the private sector and proper measures for controlling inflation.

The rate of foreign tourist arrivals coming to Vietnam as an emerging tourism market has been increased significantly bringing enormous benefits for improving the socio-economic indicators. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of exchange rate policy on the number of foreign tourist arrivals in Vietnam over the period 2006-2018. Our regression results show the exchange rate maintained a positive impact on the demand of foreign tourists and indicate that the domestic currency devaluation also had a positive effect on the number of foreign tourists to Vietnam. Besides, the quantitative result also indicates the number of foreign tourist arrival in the early periods had a positive impact on itself in the current period. Furthermore, the Granger causality test con-firms the existence of a one-way causal relationship between the exchange rate and the number of foreign tourist arrivals. Finally, the paper provides some implications for policymakers in order to efficiently use the exchange rate policy to increase the number of foreign tourist arrivals in the coming time.

The study examines the relationship between money supply and inflation in Vietnam in the period of 2005-2021. The relationship between money supply and inflation is addressed in economic theories and models and has been studied by many experts in different economies in different periods. To examine the relationship between money supply and inflation in Vietnam in the period of 2005-2021, the research team collected data on money supply and inflation rate, then analyzed this relationship during three periods of 2005-2011, 2012-2019 and 2019-2021. Next, the research team collected data on money supply (MS - total means of payment) and consumer price index (CPI), quarterly data from the first quarter of 2005 to the fourth quarter of 2021 and uses Eviews 8 software for analyzing. The research team uses a linear regression model to evaluate the impact of money supply growth (GMS) on consumer price index (CPI), a variable representing the inflation rate, of Vietnam during the research period. The model results support the view that money supply growth and past inflation are among the factors affecting inflation in Vietnam. From the research results and the actual money supply, the money supply growth rate as well as the inflation rate in Vietnam during the research period, the research team makes some policy recommendations to achieve the targets of supporting economic recovery, controlling inflation, stabilizing the macro-economy in Vietnam after the Covid-19 pandemic.

The aim of this study is focused on how monetary, energy consumption and other factors affect economic growth of the country of Vietnam. Based on collected secondary data covering from the World Bank and Vietnam’s General Statistics Office from 1985 to 2019, and some data collected from the State Bank of Vietnam, Vector Autoregressive Model was considered to apply in order to investigate this relationship. Results show that there exists an association among monetary policy, renewable energy and the country’s economic growth. Especially, the country’s exchange rate shows no influence on its economic growth while interest rate has negative effects and particularly money supply and renewable energy have a positive influence on the same direction and has a strong impact on economic growth.

This paper examines the relationship between monetary policy and activity of the Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the research consists of all companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange and central bank monetary policy variables including time series generated by the central bank seasonally. For the purpose of data analysis, econometric autoregressive system models, and two-stage ADF regression with unit roots test, co-integration and reliability were used to determine level of effect and type of effect of the four components of monetary policy on exchange activity. The results of this study show that there is a strong relation between share price index and monetary policy variables and between monetary policy variables and trading volume. However, the relation between monetary policy variables and cash yield index was not so strong, but monetary policy variables’ effect on stock exchange activity was acceptable considering strong relation between the two first variables. It is suggested that if this work is done using non-linear models, it will yield better results.

Monetary transmission mechanism includes some channels in which monetary policy influences on macroeconomic variables such as the output and inflation. In this study, the effect of monetary policy tools including interest rate, exchange rate and money supply on the variables of monetary policy targets including inflation and output is examined through VECM methodology over the period 1989:2-2007:2. Our findings show that in long-term, monetary supply is the most important variable influencing the price followed by the variables of output and exchange rate, respectively. Exogenous-being of interest rate indicates that this channel is underdeveloped and there is no monetary policy rule like Taylor rule in Iran & apos; s economy.

During the past few months, the whole Canadian housing prices were witnessed an up-trend. People could enjoy the low interest rates to buy houses, even foreign investors were interested in participating in Canadian real estate pushing the prices up and up. As the COVID19 disappears, we see an uptrend on inflation and, on the other hand, the government placed some restrictions to prevent foreigners of purchasing houses in Canada. This paper investigates whether the government regulation and monetary policy could influence housing prices in Canada.