The development of the Islamic State (IS) in Southeast Asia creates changes in the social order in a direct and indirect manner. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the development of the Islamic State (IS) and analyze the influence of its development on social vulnerability in Southeast Asia. This study employed a mixed-method supported by the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and System Dynamics (SD). Based on the results of research from relevant experts, this study uncovered seven the most dominant and structured problems. Furthermore, there are fourteen elements related to the social vulnerability of the Islamic State (IS) in Southeast Asia. The social vulnerability value is 0.01 and is categorized as Low Vulnerability. The aspects that influence the development of Islamic State indicate that the existing social system in Southeast Asia is strong enough in encountering the influence of ideology and the development of the Islamic State.

In this study, under the carbon cap-and-trade mechanism, the ordering cost presents a stepwise function for ordering quantity, and the optimal economic ordering quantity model aims to explore the manufacturer's total cost minimization in the finite planning horizon, in combination with the actual situation that the product will produce carbon emissions during transportation and storage. The economic order quantity (EOQ) model with stepwise ordering cost is applicable to the decision environment in which goods are utilized by sea, by rail or by air (e.g., the order cost is charged in addition to the basic fixed cost, the importer of raw materials will pay an additional freight related to delivery, such as the rent for the use of container numbers.). A heuristic algorithm is also proposed to analyze the relevant properties of the optimal solution of the model and to solve the optimal order times and quantities of the manufacturer under the constraint of carbon policy.We further compared the optimal order times with the case without carbon constraint and the order times corresponding to the manufacturer's realization of the minimum carbon emission, and obtained the conditions for the manufacturer to achieve low cost and low emission under the carbon policy.Finally, the theoretical results of the model are verified by numerical examples,and the influence of relevant parameters on the inventory strategy of manufacturers is discussed. The results show that under the carbon cap-and-trade policy, there is an optimal ordering strategy that minimizes the total cost of the manufacturer in the finite horizon. When the demand of the manufacturer is under finite horizon and the carbon policy is equal to the specific multiplier of orders, the manufacturer can achieve a win-win result of low cost and low emissions.

As the most contributed sectors in agriculture, rice farming is facing various risks, namely uncertainty such as crop failure caused by climate change, including air temperature, weather, rainfall and others. Indonesia is categorised as an agricultural country with a tropical climate. By this season, the farmers can plant the rice. Rice farming is currently an inseparable part of most agricultural societies in Indonesia, especially in West Java. However, changes in air temperature, weather and annual rainfall, can increase the uncertainty and upward the risk of crop failure. Thus, the current study seeks to investigate the decision making for agricultural risk assessment (climate variable) through the formulation of a risk model for agricultural insurance in Indonesia. This study utilised the climate variables, which consist of air temperature, wind speed, maximum and minimum temperatures, and rainfall. For determining the magnitude of risk, we applied the Block Maxima method and Peak Over Threshold. The results of this study found that the highest risk of losses occurred in November, December, January, February and March with a value of 0.17485.

Already faced with tight competition and low profit margins, the airline industry is going through major changes in the wake of the current pandemic resulting in travel restrictions and slump demands, prompting airlines to curtail services and investments in every aspect of business. To that end, developing a comprehensive method of improving airline performance measures is crucial. However, this type of problem is complex to solve due to a large number of factors, requiring a systematic approach. It entails taking into account a multitude of conflicting, or sometimes interrelated criteria, hence becoming an inherently multiple criteria decision making problem. This study is aimed to assess the competitiveness of airlines and evaluate their financial and operational performances in relation to such criteria. We test FAHP, TOPSIS, and a hybrid method of combining FAHP and TOPSIS methods. In particular, regarding the hybrid method, FAHP is employed to determine the influential weights of criteria that are utilized in TOPSIS for preference values among alternatives. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methods to solving a MCDM problem of airline performance assessments using real data sets. Further, this study focuses on examining the relationship between financial and operational performance criteria, as well as gleaning insights for airlines to build an evaluation system that would aid in understanding their strength and weakness in the performance metrics. The computational experiment results of our hybrid FAHP-TOPSIS model support the efficacy of incorporating fuzzy values concerning influential weight criteria. By judiciously distributing criteria weights that are specific to the airline industry, our proposed model captures preference scores reflective of industry-related and concurrent measures. This modeling framework can help airlines better evaluate the systematic influential relation structure among criteria in critical financial and operational dimensions.

A new approach is applied in the process of measuring the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs) through the cross-efficiency evaluation method. Ideal and Anti-Ideal models are generated to form a comprehensive method based on the cross-efficiency evaluation method. The two models are formulated and combined to the Data Envelopment Analysis using the CRITIC method. In a comparative analysis based on three numerical examples, the proposed approach can lead to achieving a more reliable result than one based on an individual method.

Understanding the probabilistic or statistical behavior of air concentrations is necessary for the effective management of air pollution, such as PM2.5. Failure to consider the appropriateness of the model can lead to making inferences that are not supported by scientific evidence. The main focus of this article is to find the best statistical distribution in fitting PM2.5 concentrations in the periods of February–June 2018 and February–June 2019 (the periods without COVID-19) and in the period of February–June 2020 (the period with COVID-19) in Jakarta, Indonesia. This article considers making an assessment of the performance of both generalized distributions (e.g., generalized gamma, generalized extreme value, and generalized log-logistic [GLL]) and classical distributions (such as lognormal [LN], gamma, Weibull, log-logistic, and Gumbel) in modeling daily concentrations of PM2.5 in the period of February–June 2020, or the period during which the COVID-19 pandemic is present, in Jakarta. For comparison purposes, this study also analyzed PM2.5 concentrations in the periods of February–June 2018 and February–June 2019. The comparative evaluation of the models of each period of data uses graphical analyses and goodness-of-fit statistics. The results of applications indicate that the generalized distributions fit the data better than do the classical distributions. Particularly, compared with the classical distributions, including the LN model, the GLL distribution is the most appropriate model in fitting PM2.5 concentrations in the periods without and during the period with COVID-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia.

This study aims to identify effective indicators in the performance measurement of a firm using Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as well as weighting and ranking indicators by employing Fuzzy Analysis Network Process (FANP) and investigation on network mapping and the relationships between balanced scorecards with Fuzzy DEMATEL presenting strategies to improve performance of a firm. To assess the significance of the four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes and learning and growth, about 28 indicators are identified, and after screening, 13 indicators are located as final BSC indicators. After examining the influencing of the main factors using fuzzy DEMATEL technique, internal processes dimension has the most impact and customer, and learning and growth and financial dimensions respectively are ranked as second to fourth priorities. Also using the Fuzzy ANP technique has examined weighting and ranking of dimension and performance measures indicators that dimension of customers has gained first rank and financial, internal processes and learning and growth are ranked as second to fourth respectively.

The Generalized Gamma distribution is very suitable for modeling data with various forms of hazard (risk) functions, which makes the Generalized Gamma distribution useful in survival analysis. Survival analysis aims are to predict chances of survival, disease recurrence, death, and other events over a period of time. One characteristic of survival data is the possibility of sensors. Let X be the life span of the person being studied and the right censorship time of Cr, X is assumed to be independent with the probability density function f(x), the survival function S(x), and the hazard function h(x). A person's X life span will be known if X is less than or equal to Cr. If X is greater than Cr, the individual X survives or is censored right now. Statistical inference, especially parameter estimation is needed in analyzing empirical data. Obviously the estimation results obtained are expected to be a good estimator, namely to meet the nature of unbiased and minimum variance. This paper will discuss the results of the estimation of Generalized Gamma distribution parameters with type 1 right censored data through simulations using the Expectation Maximization method and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation method. The simulation is conducted by generating data with the sample size: 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 as well as determining censored data of 10%, 20% and 30% by first setting the parameters used which are obtained from the data of patients with gastric cancer namely α = 1.0649, β = 1,072, θ = 59.766. Based on the results obtained from the simulations on the two estimation methods that the parameter estimation using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation method is better than the Expectation Maximization method because it provides a smaller bias and MSE value where the larger the sample size used, the estimated parameter value will get closer to the parameter in fact. In addition, the Expectation Maximization method can also be used as an alternative estimation of generalized gamma distribution parameters with type 1 right censored data because it has a bias value and MSE approaching the MLE method.

The development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) becomes the benchmark and leading position for developing countries’ economies. The digital transformation demands strategies, desires, and awareness of Information Technology (IT)-based market players and investments. Despite the transformation of a digital business platform, many SMEs have stumbled in the middle road. Therefore, this study aimed to determine priority indicators in assessing SMEs’ readiness towards digitalization and evolving a readiness model for SMEs based on the Decision Support System (DSS) approach. Multiple stakeholders’ viewpoints, particularly regarding academicians, governments, investors, market places, and SMEs’ business actors as targeted respondents, were scrutinized quantitatively and qualitatively to verify the proposed factors. The priority weights of factors have been examined from economic and IT perspectives and derived through deploying the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) method. This study reveals the rank of measures necessary to assess the readiness of the digital revolution of SMEs. Transaction preparedness in SMEs’ cultural, educational, financial, and technological infrastructure views grows into the principal components during this assessment with 0.30 of vector value, accompanied by marketing and micro-environment at 0.24, management at 0.20, macro-environment at 0.03 and business activities at 0.02, respectively. For the recommendation purposes, the rubric segmented SME fitness into three levels, low, middle, and high performance. The prototype system DSS-SMEsReadiness was then evolved in order to simplify the adoption of the DSS method in the SME performance measurement model. The software analysis demonstrates that this application would assist decision-makers to ascertain SMEs’ readiness to digitalize. The future recommendation provides SMEs and stakeholders with knowledge transfers and acclimatization for taking the appropriate option about their business strategy, management resources, skills, and assistance programs for SMEs. This model attempts to reduce SME digitalization disruptions and achieve a digital business’s growth and sustainability in a nutshell.

This study is aimed to analyze the variables of external environment, organizational resources, organizational capabilities, and business competitiveness. The study priorities strategy and programs as basic for developing the competitiveness of creative industry in Indonesia. The number of respondents who participated in this survey was 200, while the key informants were 10 people. Method of analysis involved descriptive statistics, and analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Then, data were processed by using both IBM SPSS 24, and Expert Choice 11. The results show that creative industry competitiveness has relatively declined during covid-19 pandemic. Although external environment support, organizational resources, and organizational capabilities were at good shape. The priority strategy for competitiveness development should be focused on strengthen the organizational capabilities by considering the dynamics of external environmental factors and internal resource capacity. Then, the priority programs developed sequentially are increasing partnerships with suppliers, distributors and customers, analyzing social and economic aspects, developing human resource capacity, and using information and communication technology in products and services. In addition, another important program is strengthening the supply chain system.