How to cite this paper
Said, M., Setiawan, L., Darmono, D., Paris, A., Sultan, S & Fahlevi, M. (2025). Exploring factors influencing actual usage of freight forwarding services in Indonesia: A study on desire, outcome expectations, perceived self-efficacy and moderating roles of delivery risk and perceived trust.Decision Science Letters , 14(1), 179-192.
Refrences
Abbas, A., Ekowati, D., Suhariadi, F., Fenitra, R. M., & Fahlevi, M. (2022). Integrating cycle of prochaska and diclemente with ethically responsible behavior theory for social change management: Post-covid-19 social cognitive perspective for change. In Handb. Of Res. On Global Networking Post COVID-19 (pp. 130–155). IGI Global; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8856-7.ch007
Ahmad, S., Bhatti, S. H., & Hwang, Y. (2020). E-service quality and actual use of e-banking: Explanation through the Technology Acceptance Model. Information Development, 36(4), 503–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666919871611
Angelelli, E., Archetti, C., & Peirano, L. (2020). A matheuristic for the air transportation freight forwarder service problem. Computers & Operations Research, 123, 105002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2020.105002
Arsyah, T. D., & Pakri, P. (2024). Leveraging Human Capital for Performance Enhancement in Indonesia Technology Sector. Journal of Economics and Business Letters, 4(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.55942/jebl.v4i3.323
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986(23–28).
Blanquart, C., & Burmeister, A. (2009). Evaluating the performance of freight transport: A service approach. European Transport Research Review, 1(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-009-0014-5
Carillo, K. D. (2010). Social cognitive theory in is research–literature review, criticism, and research agenda. 20–31.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques. John Wiley & Sons.
Ekowati, D., Abbas, A., Anwar, A., Suhariadi, F., & Fahlevi, M. (2023). Engagement and flexibility: An empirical discussion about consultative leadership intent for productivity from Pakistan. Cogent Business and Management, 10(1). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2196041
Fahlevi, M., & Alharbi, N. (2021). Adoption of e-payment system to support health social security agency. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 5(4), 737–744.
Fahlevi, M., Hasan, F., & Islam, M. R. (2023). Exploring consumer attitudes and purchase intentions: Unraveling key influencers in China’s green agricultural products market. Corporate and Business Strategy Review, 4(3), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.22495/cbsrv4i3art8
Ganapati, S., & Wong, W. F. (2023). How Far Goods Travel: Global Transport and Supply Chains from 1965–2020. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 37(3), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.37.3.3
Glock, S., & Krolak-Schwerdt, S. (2013). Changing Outcome Expectancies, Drinking Intentions, and Implicit Attitudes toward Alcohol: A Comparison of Positive Expectancy-Related and Health-Related Alcohol Warning Labels. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 5(3), 332–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12013
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage.
Huang, S. T., Bulut, E., & Duru, O. (2019). Service quality evaluation of international freight forwarders: An empirical research in East Asia. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 4(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41072-019-0053-6
Kirsch, I. (1995). Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancies. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-Efficacy, Adaptation, and Adjustment: Theory, Research, and Application (pp. 331–345). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6868-5_12
Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM: A Full Collinearity Assessment Approach. International Journal of E-Collaboration (IJeC), 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Koh, L., Dolgui, A., & Sarkis, J. (2020). Blockchain in transport and logistics – paradigms and transitions. International Journal of Production Research, 58(7), 2054–2062. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1736428
Lau, K. C., Lee, S., & Phau, I. (2023). Motivations, attitudes and intentions towards luxury dining in airplane themed restaurants: Moderating roles of desire to fly, desire for luxury and FOMO. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(5), 1967–1989. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-05-2022-0161
Lavuri, R., Jindal, A., & Akram, U. (2022). How perceived utilitarian and hedonic value influence online impulse shopping in India? Moderating role of perceived trust and perceived risk. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 14(4), 615–634. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQSS-11-2021-0169
Leyva-Hernández, S. N., Toledo-López, A., & Hernández-Lara, A. B. (2021). Purchase Intention for Organic Food Products in Mexico: The Mediation of Consumer Desire. Foods, 10(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020245
Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology.
Luttermann, S., Kotzab, H., & Halaszovich, T. (2020). The impact of logistics performance on exports, imports and foreign direct investment. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 9(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1504/WRITR.2020.106444
Maddux, J. E., Norton, L. W., & Stoltenberg, C. D. (1986). Self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and outcome value: Relative effects on behavioral intentions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 783–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.783
McLean, G., Osei-Frimpong, K., Al-Nabhani, K., & Marriott, H. (2020). Examining consumer attitudes towards retailers’m-commerce mobile applications–An initial adoption vs. Continuous use perspective. Journal of Business Research, 106, 139–157.
Myers, L. B., & Horswill, M. S. (2006). Social Cognitive Predictors of Sun Protection Intention and Behavior. Behavioral Medicine, 32(2), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.3200/BMED.32.2.57-63
Nurwahyuni, A. P., Arief, A. F., Saputra, B., Melatikesuma, C., Moses, F., Prasetyo, I. D., Ananda, M. R., & Supinah, S. (2021). Analysis of the effect of price and quality of service on customer satisfaction RedDoorz Hotel Jakarta. Priviet Social Sciences Journal, 1(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.55942/pssj.v1i1.48
Osakwe, C. N., Hudik, M., Říha, D., Stros, M., & Ramayah, T. (2022). Critical factors characterizing consumers’ intentions to use drones for last-mile delivery: Does delivery risk matter? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 65, 102865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102865
Phung, T. B. P., Kim, S., & Chu, C. C. (2023). Transformational leadership, integration and supply chain risk management in Vietnam’s manufacturing firms. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 34(1), 236–258. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-06-2021-0317
Pinyanitikorn, N., Atthirawong, W., & Chanpuypetch, W. (2024). Examining the Intention to Adopt an Online Platform for Freight Forwarding Services in Thailand: A Modified Unified Theory for Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model Approach. Logistics, 8(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics8030076
Raihan, A., Voumik, L. C., Akter, S., Ridzuan, A. R., Fahlevi, M., Aljuaid, M., & Saniuk, S. (2024). Taking flight: Exploring the relationship between air transport and Malaysian economic growth. Journal of Air Transport Management, 115, 102540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102540
Rajesh, D., Gupta, S. K., Ilinich, S., & Singh, N. (2023). An Assessment of Challenges and Factor Influencing the Freight Forwarding Business in the Logistics Industry. Economics, Finance and Management Review, 2, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.36690/2674-5208-2023-2-4-23
Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Mitchell, R., & Gudergan, S. P. (2020). Partial least squares structural equation modeling in HRM research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(12), 1617–1643.
Sahir, S., Fahlevi, M., Kasbuntoro, K., & Sutia, S. (2021). Effect of halal food management system certification on buying interest of Indonesian consumer goods. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 9(3), 731–738.
Sahu, P. K., Pani, A., & Santos, G. (2022). Freight Traffic Impacts and Logistics Inefficiencies in India: Policy Interventions and Solution Concepts for Sustainable City Logistics. Transportation in Developing Economies, 8(2), 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-022-00161-8
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2017). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. Handbook of Market Research, 26(1), 1–40.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Shah, S. H. A., Fahlevi, M., Jamshed, K., Aman, N., Rafiq, N., Jermsittiparsert, K., & Aljuaid, M. (2023). Sustaining the Earth: Unraveling the Synergy of Workplace Spirituality, Responsible Leadership, and Pro-Environmental Behavior in Pakistan’s SMEs. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 3075–3093. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S413606
Sidjabat, S., Ricardianto, P., Ariohadi, M. W., Endri, E., Tursilarini, T. Y., Udiati, T., Andari, S., Winarno, E., Hidayatulloh, A. N., & Rofiq, M. A. (2024). Supplier performance assessment: Empirical evidence in Indonesian freight forwarding companies. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i9.6296
Statista Market Insights. (2024). Freight Forwarding—Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia. Statista. https://www.statista.com/outlook/mmo/transportation-logistics/freight-forwarding/custom
Subhashini, S., & Preetha, S. (2018). An empirical analysis of service quality factors pertaining to ocean freight forwarding services. Maritime Business Review, 3(3), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-01-2018-0004
Sutia, S., Riadi, R., & Fahlevi, M. (2020). The Influence of Supply Chain Performance and Motivation on Employee Performance. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9(2), 86–92.
Tian, Y., Chan, T. J., Suki, N. M., & Kasim, M. A. (2023). Moderating Role of Perceived Trust and Perceived Service Quality on Consumers’ Use Behavior of Alipay e-wallet System: The Perspectives of Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023(1), 5276406. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5276406
Van Asch, T., Dewulf, W., Kupfer, F., Cárdenas, I., & Van de Voorde, E. (2020). Cross-border e-commerce logistics – Strategic success factors for airports. Research in Transportation Economics, 79, 100761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2019.100761
Verschuur, J., Koks, E. E., & Hall, J. W. (2022). Ports’ criticality in international trade and global supply-chains. Nature Communications, 13(1), 4351. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32070-0
Wei, H., & Li, A. (2024). An optimal study on logistics network of cross-border railway in inland areas considering time cost and benefit of scale of railway transportation. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 18(1), 63–91. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTL.2024.137587
Yousaf, U., Ali, S. A., Ahmed, M., Usman, B., & Sameer, I. (2021). From entrepreneurial education to entrepreneurial intention: A sequential mediation of self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude. International Journal of Innovation Science, 13(3), 364–380. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-09-2020-0133
Zhou, Z., & Wan, X. (2022). Does the Sharing Economy Technology Disrupt Incumbents? Exploring the Influences of Mobile Digital Freight Matching Platforms on Road Freight Logistics Firms. Production and Operations Management, 31(1), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13491
Ahmad, S., Bhatti, S. H., & Hwang, Y. (2020). E-service quality and actual use of e-banking: Explanation through the Technology Acceptance Model. Information Development, 36(4), 503–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666919871611
Angelelli, E., Archetti, C., & Peirano, L. (2020). A matheuristic for the air transportation freight forwarder service problem. Computers & Operations Research, 123, 105002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2020.105002
Arsyah, T. D., & Pakri, P. (2024). Leveraging Human Capital for Performance Enhancement in Indonesia Technology Sector. Journal of Economics and Business Letters, 4(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.55942/jebl.v4i3.323
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1986(23–28).
Blanquart, C., & Burmeister, A. (2009). Evaluating the performance of freight transport: A service approach. European Transport Research Review, 1(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12544-009-0014-5
Carillo, K. D. (2010). Social cognitive theory in is research–literature review, criticism, and research agenda. 20–31.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques. John Wiley & Sons.
Ekowati, D., Abbas, A., Anwar, A., Suhariadi, F., & Fahlevi, M. (2023). Engagement and flexibility: An empirical discussion about consultative leadership intent for productivity from Pakistan. Cogent Business and Management, 10(1). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2196041
Fahlevi, M., & Alharbi, N. (2021). Adoption of e-payment system to support health social security agency. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 5(4), 737–744.
Fahlevi, M., Hasan, F., & Islam, M. R. (2023). Exploring consumer attitudes and purchase intentions: Unraveling key influencers in China’s green agricultural products market. Corporate and Business Strategy Review, 4(3), 74–87. https://doi.org/10.22495/cbsrv4i3art8
Ganapati, S., & Wong, W. F. (2023). How Far Goods Travel: Global Transport and Supply Chains from 1965–2020. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 37(3), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.37.3.3
Glock, S., & Krolak-Schwerdt, S. (2013). Changing Outcome Expectancies, Drinking Intentions, and Implicit Attitudes toward Alcohol: A Comparison of Positive Expectancy-Related and Health-Related Alcohol Warning Labels. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 5(3), 332–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12013
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage.
Huang, S. T., Bulut, E., & Duru, O. (2019). Service quality evaluation of international freight forwarders: An empirical research in East Asia. Journal of Shipping and Trade, 4(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41072-019-0053-6
Kirsch, I. (1995). Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectancies. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-Efficacy, Adaptation, and Adjustment: Theory, Research, and Application (pp. 331–345). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6868-5_12
Kock, N. (2015). Common Method Bias in PLS-SEM: A Full Collinearity Assessment Approach. International Journal of E-Collaboration (IJeC), 11(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015100101
Koh, L., Dolgui, A., & Sarkis, J. (2020). Blockchain in transport and logistics – paradigms and transitions. International Journal of Production Research, 58(7), 2054–2062. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2020.1736428
Lau, K. C., Lee, S., & Phau, I. (2023). Motivations, attitudes and intentions towards luxury dining in airplane themed restaurants: Moderating roles of desire to fly, desire for luxury and FOMO. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(5), 1967–1989. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-05-2022-0161
Lavuri, R., Jindal, A., & Akram, U. (2022). How perceived utilitarian and hedonic value influence online impulse shopping in India? Moderating role of perceived trust and perceived risk. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 14(4), 615–634. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQSS-11-2021-0169
Leyva-Hernández, S. N., Toledo-López, A., & Hernández-Lara, A. B. (2021). Purchase Intention for Organic Food Products in Mexico: The Mediation of Consumer Desire. Foods, 10(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10020245
Likert, R. (1932). A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Archives of Psychology.
Luttermann, S., Kotzab, H., & Halaszovich, T. (2020). The impact of logistics performance on exports, imports and foreign direct investment. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 9(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1504/WRITR.2020.106444
Maddux, J. E., Norton, L. W., & Stoltenberg, C. D. (1986). Self-efficacy expectancy, outcome expectancy, and outcome value: Relative effects on behavioral intentions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 783–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.783
McLean, G., Osei-Frimpong, K., Al-Nabhani, K., & Marriott, H. (2020). Examining consumer attitudes towards retailers’m-commerce mobile applications–An initial adoption vs. Continuous use perspective. Journal of Business Research, 106, 139–157.
Myers, L. B., & Horswill, M. S. (2006). Social Cognitive Predictors of Sun Protection Intention and Behavior. Behavioral Medicine, 32(2), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.3200/BMED.32.2.57-63
Nurwahyuni, A. P., Arief, A. F., Saputra, B., Melatikesuma, C., Moses, F., Prasetyo, I. D., Ananda, M. R., & Supinah, S. (2021). Analysis of the effect of price and quality of service on customer satisfaction RedDoorz Hotel Jakarta. Priviet Social Sciences Journal, 1(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.55942/pssj.v1i1.48
Osakwe, C. N., Hudik, M., Říha, D., Stros, M., & Ramayah, T. (2022). Critical factors characterizing consumers’ intentions to use drones for last-mile delivery: Does delivery risk matter? Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 65, 102865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102865
Phung, T. B. P., Kim, S., & Chu, C. C. (2023). Transformational leadership, integration and supply chain risk management in Vietnam’s manufacturing firms. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 34(1), 236–258. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-06-2021-0317
Pinyanitikorn, N., Atthirawong, W., & Chanpuypetch, W. (2024). Examining the Intention to Adopt an Online Platform for Freight Forwarding Services in Thailand: A Modified Unified Theory for Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) Model Approach. Logistics, 8(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics8030076
Raihan, A., Voumik, L. C., Akter, S., Ridzuan, A. R., Fahlevi, M., Aljuaid, M., & Saniuk, S. (2024). Taking flight: Exploring the relationship between air transport and Malaysian economic growth. Journal of Air Transport Management, 115, 102540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2024.102540
Rajesh, D., Gupta, S. K., Ilinich, S., & Singh, N. (2023). An Assessment of Challenges and Factor Influencing the Freight Forwarding Business in the Logistics Industry. Economics, Finance and Management Review, 2, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.36690/2674-5208-2023-2-4-23
Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Mitchell, R., & Gudergan, S. P. (2020). Partial least squares structural equation modeling in HRM research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(12), 1617–1643.
Sahir, S., Fahlevi, M., Kasbuntoro, K., & Sutia, S. (2021). Effect of halal food management system certification on buying interest of Indonesian consumer goods. Uncertain Supply Chain Management, 9(3), 731–738.
Sahu, P. K., Pani, A., & Santos, G. (2022). Freight Traffic Impacts and Logistics Inefficiencies in India: Policy Interventions and Solution Concepts for Sustainable City Logistics. Transportation in Developing Economies, 8(2), 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40890-022-00161-8
Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Hair, J. F. (2017). Partial least squares structural equation modeling. Handbook of Market Research, 26(1), 1–40.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research Methods for Business Students (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Shah, S. H. A., Fahlevi, M., Jamshed, K., Aman, N., Rafiq, N., Jermsittiparsert, K., & Aljuaid, M. (2023). Sustaining the Earth: Unraveling the Synergy of Workplace Spirituality, Responsible Leadership, and Pro-Environmental Behavior in Pakistan’s SMEs. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 16, 3075–3093. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S413606
Sidjabat, S., Ricardianto, P., Ariohadi, M. W., Endri, E., Tursilarini, T. Y., Udiati, T., Andari, S., Winarno, E., Hidayatulloh, A. N., & Rofiq, M. A. (2024). Supplier performance assessment: Empirical evidence in Indonesian freight forwarding companies. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(9), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v8i9.6296
Statista Market Insights. (2024). Freight Forwarding—Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia. Statista. https://www.statista.com/outlook/mmo/transportation-logistics/freight-forwarding/custom
Subhashini, S., & Preetha, S. (2018). An empirical analysis of service quality factors pertaining to ocean freight forwarding services. Maritime Business Review, 3(3), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.1108/MABR-01-2018-0004
Sutia, S., Riadi, R., & Fahlevi, M. (2020). The Influence of Supply Chain Performance and Motivation on Employee Performance. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9(2), 86–92.
Tian, Y., Chan, T. J., Suki, N. M., & Kasim, M. A. (2023). Moderating Role of Perceived Trust and Perceived Service Quality on Consumers’ Use Behavior of Alipay e-wallet System: The Perspectives of Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023(1), 5276406. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/5276406
Van Asch, T., Dewulf, W., Kupfer, F., Cárdenas, I., & Van de Voorde, E. (2020). Cross-border e-commerce logistics – Strategic success factors for airports. Research in Transportation Economics, 79, 100761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2019.100761
Verschuur, J., Koks, E. E., & Hall, J. W. (2022). Ports’ criticality in international trade and global supply-chains. Nature Communications, 13(1), 4351. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-32070-0
Wei, H., & Li, A. (2024). An optimal study on logistics network of cross-border railway in inland areas considering time cost and benefit of scale of railway transportation. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics, 18(1), 63–91. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTL.2024.137587
Yousaf, U., Ali, S. A., Ahmed, M., Usman, B., & Sameer, I. (2021). From entrepreneurial education to entrepreneurial intention: A sequential mediation of self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude. International Journal of Innovation Science, 13(3), 364–380. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-09-2020-0133
Zhou, Z., & Wan, X. (2022). Does the Sharing Economy Technology Disrupt Incumbents? Exploring the Influences of Mobile Digital Freight Matching Platforms on Road Freight Logistics Firms. Production and Operations Management, 31(1), 117–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13491