This research examines Saudi Arabia's stock market performance from 1991 to 2021 while exploring the long-term and immediate effects of economic factors. The study employs Johansen cointegration tests alongside the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyse the influence of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), trade balance and government expenditure on stock market performance. The research shows that macroeconomic variables affect market capitalisation results since GDP growth and trade openness lead to positive stock market performance; however, FDI and inflation create inconsistent effects. Results indicate the stock market maintains a long-term equilibrium between variables, leading to long-term correction of market deviations. The present study extends the discussion in the literature by offering a comprehensive and empirical analysis of the Saudi Equity Market as related to the economic diversification process, with a focus on the Saudi Arabia Vision 2030. This research calls for a solid and pro-active fiscal framework to stem inflation, attract good quality foreign capital and enhance the financial institutions. They are very useful in the formulation of strategic development plans that would foster long-term sustainable growth and increase investor confidence. The findings of this study are useful for policymakers, investors, and other analytical experts interested in the relationship between economic determinants and capital market returns, specifically within the context of Saudi Arabia, a young economy in the group of commodity-exporting countries. This study contributes original empirical evidence on the long- and short-run effects of macroeconomic indicators on stock market performance in Saudi Arabia. By applying the VECM approach across a 31-year period, it offers valuable insights for policymakers and investors in managing financial markets during economic diversification under Vision 2030.

The article's primary focus is on how IFRS S2 affects climate-related reporting on financial risk mitigation strategies in oil and gas companies in the Gulf Cooperation Council. This study takes advantage of the fact that there are varying levels in the regulatory needs across the six GCC states and has used a quasi-experimental design to establish the causality of this relationship. The United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), however, have chosen to adopt a regulated, mandatory framework. Additional GCC nations, like Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, and Qatar, have kept these structures up to date and made them freely accessible. We estimate the difference-in-differences estimation and structural equation modeling results of 95 companies covering 2018 to 2024 (665 firm-year observations) to conclude that mandatory IFRS S2 Reporting significantly enhances climate disclosure quality by 34.2 percentage points. Furthermore, it has beneficial economic implications: a 180-basis-point lower cost of capital, a 31 percent higher firm valuation, and a 33 percent lower earnings volatility. Structural equation modelling shows that improved risk management performance is the mediating factor. When the analysis is cross-sectional, the effects are heterogeneous, and the benefits are magnified in firms with high carbon intensity. Causal interpretation has been supported using our extensive robustness tests. Findings from this research provide an innovative empirical basis for the influence of IFRS S2 on carbon-intensive industries. The research offers essential recommendations to policymakers and corporate executives seeking to address the challenges posed by financial risks and climate change in the context of the current energy transition, confirming the benefits of mandatory reporting systems over voluntary ones.

This study examines the determinants of university students' entrepreneurship intentions. The effects of eleven factors of entrepreneurial intention were investigated, including personality, social, and societal factors. A convenience sampling method and 350 self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection from four Sudanese universities, obtaining a usable response rate of 84.6%. Through Smart PLS, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis and relationship interpretation. The results showed that innovativeness and cultural valuation were positively and significantly associated with students' entrepreneurial intention. This suggests that the government and policymakers should encourage the development of entrepreneurship-fostering environments within universities. Future studies should increase the sample size to generalize the findings and validate new measures for the same study model, and explore a wider Sudanese entrepreneurial field scope.

Nowadays, universities are investing resources in optimizing e-services to enhance delivery of services to their employees. Most of them provide their services electronically to improve the performance of their organizations. These services are categorized into two classes: academic and nonacademic. This paper focuses on nonacademic class, which is important to measure what factors influence on the e-services. This manuscript aims to develop an acceptance technology model to figure out what the factors motivate nonacademic staff at the universities continuously use the e-services. The proposed model is based on technology acceptance model (TAM) and its extension. It consists of multiple constructs that reflect the opinions of nonacademic staff in e-services. The model was implemented by using questionnaire, 308 employ-ees responded from Prince Sattam Bin Abdalaziz University to this questionnaire by giving their opinions. The feedback was analyzed deeply. The results indicate that technology fit was positively related to user’s perceived satisfaction by using E-Services when the level of signifi-cant was one percent. Also, performance expectancy was positively related to user’s perceived satisfaction. The research finding could be used by university ICT departments to enhance the quality of e-services.

Nowadays, customer awareness on environment friendly products is getting improved and there is an increase trend on green marketing strategy. The carried-out strategy has an objective of improving the customer care and purchasing intention on environment friendly products. Reviewing the issue of customer behavior, this study aims to review the correlation among green advertising, green brand image and customer green awareness on environment friendly products and their impacts to purchase intention. The study was conducted through a survey among 102 customers of Supermarket in Bandung City who have experience on friendly products. Data from the customers were obtained through a questionnaire, tabulated and processed by path analysis using SmartPLS. In order to emphasize research result, the research hypothesis test was conducted. Research finding explains that green advertising was assessed to be important by the customer and it can improve the customers’ green awareness. On the other hand, it is stated that there was an impact of green awareness on improving customer purchasing intention on the environmentally friendly product. This study is useful for the supermarket in Indonesia particularly in understanding customer behavior to the environmentally friendly product. So, the implementation of the marketing strategy is more precise. Besides, this study can be an input for the Indonesian Government in implementing a regulation associated with the global warming issue through research on environmental friendly product.

This study investigates whether gender differences exist in the levels of sustainable project management competencies and awareness of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 9 (Resilient Infrastructure) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), among College of Business students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. A questionnaire was employed to assess six key sustainable competencies: communication, leadership, management, cognitive ability, effectiveness, and professionalism. The sample consisted of 63 students from diverse business disciplines, including accounting, finance, management information systems, and human resources. The questionnaire was developed based on an extensive review of the literature and validated by experienced educators. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test to examine gender differences in competency levels and SDG awareness. The findings reveal significant gender differences, with female students demonstrating higher mean ranks across all competencies and SDG awareness compared to their male counterparts. These results suggest that gender may play a significant role in the development of sustainable project management competencies and the understanding of global sustainability challenges. This study contributes to the literature by offering valuable insights into how gender influences students’ potential to engage with SDGs, particularly SDG 9 and SDG 11. The findings emphasize the importance of incorporating sustainable project management competencies into academic curricula to enhance students' awareness of SDGs, and they highlight the need for gender-sensitive educational strategies that promote inclusive sustainability education.

This study assesses the green project management competencies of students in the College of Business at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. This study uses a structured questionnaire to evaluate ten competencies: teamwork, leadership, communication, conflict management, achievement motivation, cognitive skills, adaptability, self-control, negotiation, and social awareness. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cronbach Alpha results revealed that effective communication was the strongest competency, explaining 71.6% of the variance, followed by leadership (65.3%) and teamwork (60.6%). Self-control demonstrated the highest reliability (α = 0.966), emphasizing students’ ability to manage stress effectively. Conflict management explained 48.9% of the variance, while adaptability accounted for 57.4%, reflecting students’ resilience and flexibility. Cognitive skills explained 51.7%, highlighting critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. Negotiation explained 63.8%, emphasizing stakeholder collaboration, and social awareness accounted for 50.1%, reflecting cultural sensitivity and empathy. Achievement motivation explained 54.8%, underscoring students’ proactive and goal-oriented behaviors. These findings provide valuable insights into strengths and gaps in student competencies, offering a basis for targeted improvements. Green project management competencies are vital for advancing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Green project management competencies are integral to advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cognitive skills, teamwork, and communication enhance critical thinking and innovation, supporting SDG 4 (Quality Education). Leadership and adaptability drive sustainable initiatives, aligning with SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure). Additionally, teamwork and social awareness foster inclusive urban development (SDG 11), while self-control and resilience enable effective climate action (SDG 13). By aligning academic training with industry demands, this study supports the global sustainability agenda and Saudi Vision 2030. The study provides policymakers in Saudi Arabia with valuable insights into aligning educational strategies with industry demands, highlighting key gaps in green project management competencies. By addressing these gaps, policymakers can enhance curriculum design to develop sustainability-focused skills, advancing Saudi Vision 2030 goals for workforce readiness, economic growth, and global sustainability leadership

This empirical study aims to elucidate the effects of logistics information technology (LIT), top management beliefs (TMBs), and suppliers' resources selection (SRS) on logistics performance. The extended resources-based view (ERBV) supports the development of the proposed relationships in the study model, based on previous studies measures. Structural equation modeling (SPSS and AMOS v 25) was utilized to test the validity of the model and proposed hypotheses. Based on responses from 229 surveyed companies in Sudan’s food and beverages sector, this study’ findings showed that the LIT, TMBs, and SRS influence logistic cost performance (LCP) and logistic delivery performance directly. Additionally, it showed that company size could moderate the relationship between LCP and LIT, TMBs, and SRS. This study provides several theoretical and practical implications by evaluating the ability of LIT, SRS, and TMBs to improve delivery and cost performance.

By integrating the technology acceptance model, the theory of planned behavior, and regulatory focus theory, this study assesses the mediating role of technology perception attributes (i.e., perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness) in the relationship between customer experience and the adoption of e-payment cards during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 368 e-payment users in Khartoum and Southern Darfur, the two most highly populated states in Sudan. This study employed convenience sampling and quantitative methodology to clarify the relationship based on structural equation modeling. The empirical findings showed that the customer experience dimensions of cognition and emotion had a significant influence in e-payment adoption and technology perception. Further, they indicated that technology perception had a significant mediating role in the relationship between customer experience and e-payment adoption.

The rapid advancement of drone technology has expanded their applications across various sectors, necessitating robust real-time decision-making systems. Traditional algorithms often falter in dynamic and unpredictable environments. This paper introduces a fuzzy logic-based approach to enhance the decision-making capabilities of autonomous drones. Utilizing Monte Carlo simulations, the proposed model was evaluated through three distinct experiments involving 300, 600, and 950 scenarios respectively. The first experiment demonstrated an obstacle avoidance efficiency of 82.00%, an 8.00% reduction in energy consumption, a decision accuracy of 95.33%, and a mission success rate of 79.33%. The second experiment showed an avoidance efficiency of 82.50%, maintaining the energy consumption reduction at 8.00%, with a decision accuracy of 95.83% and a mission success rate of 78.33%. The third experiment achieved an avoidance efficiency of 82.11%, with an 8.00% reduction in energy consumption, a decision accuracy of 95.26%, and a mission success rate of 78.31%. These results highlight the superior performance of fuzzy logic in real-time decision-making for autonomous drones compared to traditional methods.