The study aims to identify the effect of environmental sustainability accounting (ESA) on competitive advantage (CA), and the effect of ESA on making decisions (funding, investment, and strategic) in Sudanese banking. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 135 accountants and managers of Sudanese banking. A descriptive method was used to confirm that the study's goals had been met. The questionnaire data is analyzed, and hypotheses are tested, using the Smart pls application. The study found a positive relationship between ESA and CA in the Sudanese banking sector. Additionally, ESA has a positive relationship with funding, investment, and strategic decisions in the Sudanese banking sector. Based on these findings, future research can help accountants comprehend the intricacies of ESA according to national and cultural conditions, especially in developing countries. Also, larger sample sizes may be used in future research on this topic, particularly if it is studied internationally.

The study aimed to reveal the effect of value chain analysis (VCA) of internal and external activities to manage and reduce product costs along the supply chain (SC) in industrial facilities in the Red Sea State in Sudan from the point of view of managers, financial managers and accountants there, from the basic dimensions of value chain analysis represented by VCA of suppliers' activities, VCA for product design activities, VCA for production activities, and VCA for customer activities. The supply chain costs are defined in just-in-time (JIT), target costing (TC), and activity-based costing (ABC). The study revealed that analyzing VCA contributes to managing and reducing product costs along the supply chain by exploiting the interrelationships and overlap between the value chain analysis and the supply chain for each supplier's production and customer activities.

The study aimed to measure the effect of using loans and equity in the capital structure on evaluating financial performance, whether in terms of profits or liquidity, in banks in the city of Al-Kharj through the descriptive analytical approach. Data was collected from the study population through a questionnaire, where 200 questionnaires were distributed, of which 187 were collected, and 183 were valid for analysis. Data were analyzed using PLS-SEM software. The validity and reliability of the data were confirmed. The results of hypothesis testing showed a weak positive effect of using equity on the financial performance (profits and liquidity) of banks in Al-Kharj city. It also turned out that there was a strong positive effect of using loans on financial performance (profits) in banks in the city of Al-Kharj, and there was no effect of using loans on financial performance (liquidity). In banks in Al-Kharj city. The researcher recommended conducting more studies on the effect of capital structure on the financial performance of banks in other regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to confirm the validity of the current study results.

This paper aims to study the effect of using information technology on the quality of the accounting information by studying the dimensions of information technology (collecting, processing, storing, and sending data, and information) with a field study on the Nile Bank in Sudan. The researchers followed some descriptive analytical approach to conduct the field study. Researchers distributed (120) questionnaires and (104) of them were collected. The study concluded that dimensions of information technology (collecting, processing, storing, and transmitting data, and information) impact the dimensions of accounting information quality (relevance, reliability, understandability, consistency, comparability).