The purpose of this research is to analyze the conceptualization of religiosity and spirituality, as well as to validate the measurement and influence of both constructs on frugality. The importance of this study is to find out whether religious and spiritual individuals have a high of frugality. Frugality as a form of self-control, in the long term can create the welfare of consumers. This is a quantitative research that uses a survey method. The sample, comprising of 539 adults, was taken from the general public. A validation of the construct measurements was done by using an exploratory factor analysis, and a data analysis was carried out by using a multiple regression. The research results reveal that there are differences between religiosity and spirituality. The hypotheses results disclose that there was an insignificant influence of religiosity on frugality, while spirituality had a significant influence on frugality. Testing was also done by classifying the sample based on gender. In the sample of women, it was discovered that religiosity had a significant influence on frugality. Meanwhile, in the sample of men, only spirituality had a significant influence on frugality. It is concluded that the effect of religiosity on frugality was moderated by gender.

The program to reduce plastic waste is supported by all sectors of businesses, through some efforts to prevent using plastic bags in every store shopping and prompt using better alternatives. This study aims to find out whether the application of the theory of planned behavior departs from the knowledge of the influence of environmental awareness and leads to interest in the use of reusable bags. Quantitative methods used in this study includes the determination of samples with non-probability techniques, namely purposive sampling. The research instrument was an online questionnaire of 300 respondents in Bali, who had never used a repetitive shopping bag. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with the SmartPLS application. The application of the theory of planned behavior shows that testing knowledge of the environment and environmental stewardship gives a positive attitude and becomes a control behavior and interest in the use of reusable bag products. However, it is different from Subjective Norms which do not have a significant influence on the interest in using reusable bags. So, it is a concern for the government to always provide socialization, knowledge and environmental awareness about the importance of protecting the environment by using non-disposable shopping bags, and also business owners or marketing management to provide more reusable bags.

This research mainly focuses on developing health tourism in rural areas, especially in Bangli, Bali, which has excellent potential but faces various challenges. Through an approach that involves local community involvement, this research aims to create a tourism experience that supports physical and mental health while empowering local communities. The quantitative research method was used to collect data from 450 respondents in Subaya Village. The sample was taken with the criteria of understanding the concept of wellness tourism, having an empowerment group, and having acquired knowledge about designing wellness tourism-supporting products. After data collection, out of 450 questionnaires distributed, as many as 250 were returned, with 150 answers that met the respondents' criteria. The results of the analysis show that the integration of local cultural practices and natural resources can increase the attractiveness of destinations, as well as provide significant economic and social benefits for the community. The study also highlights the importance of eco-friendly products in enhancing the traveler experience, which can increase visitor satisfaction and loyalty. Through a sustainable health tourism model, it is hoped that synergy can be created between local economic development and environmental conservation.