The increasing phenomenon of the shadow economy is progressing dramatically in the absence of State culture among officials, whether legislators or implementers, in the absence or ineffectiveness of an organized production sector. Non-compliance with tax accounting procedures is one of the first problems generated by the shadow economy and most difficult not to include it in national output. The lack of tax commitment in the shadow economy leads to an annual tax gap of billions of dollars, if there is no logical interest on the part of the taxing bodies in developing countries, and if domestic and international tax provisions and legislation are not amended to consider of these important economic developments, and how to keep up with this. The issue of the shadow economy is thorny, and the practical way to raise the revenue needed to finance government spending on the goods and services required by society lies in the local and international tax treatment at the technical and legislative levels. Consequently, the current tax systems and their related regulations must be prepared, whether at the technical or legislative level, especially in light of the flow rate of oil barrels and the alternative if it comes into force. The taxation processes allow time to study the tax accounting and tax and take what suits the Saudi environment from them - lessons for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Critical terms for research/shadow economy, tax regulations and systems, tax gab, tax accounting.

This study focuses on assessing the suitability and condition of various bankruptcy risk models applied to construction companies listed on the Vietnam Stock Market. In this study, the panel data were collected from the disclosed financial statements of the companies from 2012 to 2017. Through the assessment, bankruptcy risks are predicted for the companies that are experiencing initial signals such as delisting, compulsory supervision. In the next step, interviews were conducted to justify which of the following factors may indicate the companies at the risk of being bankrupted: asset management, capital structure, business size, and/or state management.

Corporate tax compliance has been an interest of policymakers in many countries. Taxes contribute the most to the government’s revenues in Vietnam in general and in Hung Yen in particular. Therefore, tax compliance of enterprises, including SMEs, attracts special concern of the Government and many localities. The objective of this study is to evaluate factors affecting tax compliance by examining 310 managers, tax accountants and accountants at SMEs in Hung Yen province. The survey data is collected by the statistical software SPSS 20. The experimental research results confirm that factors (the possibility of tax inspection, tax rates, tax penalties, and the complexity of tax policy, social norms and tax knowledge) have different influences on tax compliance in SMEs in Hung Yen province, Vietnam.

This study examines whether capital structure determinations by Indonesian publicly listed firms (Tbks) are influenced by the behavioural biases of overconfidence and optimism, with the underlying rationality frameworks being framed by relevant financial information and impacted by decision-makers’ demographic attributes. Data were obtained from survey respondents and statistically analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling to identify the indicators of causative dynamics within the hypothesised relationships. Sampled Tbks’ management (CEOs/CFOs) displayed the inherent behavioural traits of overconfidence and optimism in their capital structure determinations. However, such behavioural variables were not statistically proven to significantly influence capital structure decision-making and, hence, were not validated as capital structure determinants. The pecking order framework was revealed to have a significant framing effect on capital structure decision-making by sampled managers. Sampled managers’ demographic attributes and backgrounds were found to be capital structure determinants but did not have a mediating or moderating influence on the modelled relationship between behavioural variables and capital structure.

This study aims to determine the effect of competence of human resource, quality of information technology and organizational commitment on the successful implementation of accrual-based accounting. The sample in this study was 56 respondents who were obtained using purposive sampling technique from employees of the administration and accounting department of the Regional Finance and Assets Agency of Kendari City. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis method and multiple linear regression. The results showed that the competence of human resources, the quality of information technology and organizational commitment have a positive and significant impact on the successful implementation of accrual-based accounting in local governments. This shows that the higher the level of competence of human resources, the quality of information technology and organizational commitment, the successful implementation of accrual-based accounting in local governments will be better.

The enterprise's system, along with households and the government are the main factors in the production and consumption of the economy, which plays an extremely important role in the development of any country. Besides the large enterprises, which are often considered as the locomotives of the economy’s development, people are increasingly interested in a significant number of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) whose position and role has been confirmed through the actual economic development of many countries and economies. In Vietnam, the development of SMEs has been creating a driving force for economic growth and has become an important strategic direction in the country’s socio-economic development strategy. The article focuses on determining the factors affecting the development of small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises in Vietnam. At the same time, the current paper evaluates factors affecting the development of these enterprises. The main factors expected to be focused on in the research include the level of production technology, government policies, raw materials, labor, management capacity, corporate social responsibility, green growth orientation, and global epidemics.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the degree of influence exercised by the Key Account Manager in the provisioning management in the main companies called Staple in Peru, during the events of COVID-19. The research was of type quantitative, cross-sectional and temporal, with a non-experimental design, using a multiple linear regression model and correlation analysis to determine the impact that exists between the variables. The data belongs to the Industrias San Miguel company, distributed in a weekly period from June 2019 to March 2021, which gives 88 observations. The results allow us to conclude that the Key Account Manager is an important manager of the supply of goods during the crisis caused by COVID-19 in staple companies.

The technological era is a dilemma in the economic growth of a region. The policy of economic development, at least, contains two main objectives to be achieved, namely growth and equity. These two goals are usually in conflict with each other. That is, if growth reaches a high level, then equity reaches a decline so that the conscious effort to create a balance is one of the goals of development. Growth to increase income per capita is an effort in progress to increase output (through the use of factors of production with or without technological change) continuously in the long run, which is always associated with population growth. Because with high output growth coupled with high population growth, the growth of output will become a new problem, so efforts to overcome unemployment are also a crucial part of development. Equitable distribution of fixed income is one of the critical issues faced by an economy. Doing a real business venture so that the rent is more evenly distributed is an essential responsibility of an economic system. The development of an economy will cause changes that are not always good due to the use of labor. This sometimes causes the number and level of unemployment to increase, along with population growth. Finally the paper considers whether there is any evidence of government expenditure, Private investment and poverty rates on Income distribution in East Kalimantan Province is Significantly influenced but Economic is not Growth.

Research on the internal audit function is relevant for improving the quality of governance in organizations. The internal auditor is an important element of government management in the context of realizing good governance by providing quality and effective audit results. The aim of this study is to examine the factors influencing (determinants) the effectiveness of the internal audit function in Indonesian local government organizations. The research samples were 137 respondents. This study used primary data in the form of a questionnaire. The hypothesis testing technique used Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis. The results of statistical tests showed that independence, competence, and management support could increase the effectiveness of the internal audit function. However, this cooperative relationship does not moderate the influence of competence and management support on the effectiveness of internal audit. The practical implication of this study is that in order to increase the effectiveness of internal audit, internal auditors must uphold an attitude of independence, objectivity and freedom from conflicts of interest in carrying out their professional responsibilities. The practical value of this study also shows that to increase the effectiveness of public sector internal audit, internal and external auditors must increase cooperation to improve the effectiveness of internal audit, especially in discussion activities between internal and external auditors, communication between internal and external auditors, and activities to share working papers between internal and external auditors.

The existence of good corporate governance is expected to minimize the occurrence of earnings management practices when the company is in financial distress condition. This research aims to provide empirical evidence on the influence of financial distress on earnings management practices as well as the existence of good corporate governance projected by the proportion of independent commissioners and the proportion of audit committees in weakening the influence of financial distress on earnings management practices. The population of this study is property, real estate, and building construction sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2015-2019. Sampling techniques used are purposive sampling techniques and obtained samples as many as 185 samples. The earnings management tool used in this study was classification shifting. The data analysis techniques in this study used Eviews 10. The results of the analysis provide evidence that financial distress affects earnings management practices, while the proportion of independent commissioners is unable to moderate, and the audit committee strengthens the influence of financial distress on earnings management practices.