The productivity of labor and wages are two important variables in the market. Identification of the relationship between the labor and the wages can help policymakers and employers make important decisions about workers' wages. This research uses the statistical data from 1974 to 2014 in Iran to explore the effect of the total labor productivity as well as the productivity of skilled and unskilled labor on the wage level. The results of the research in the long-run indicate that, for the case of skilled and unskilled labor productivity, skilled labor productivity maintained a negative effect on the wage level and the unskilled labor productivity had a positive effect on the wage level. In addition, the total labor productivity had a positive impact on the wage level; the results also indicate that the level of education had a positive impact on the wage level and the impact of government size on the level of wage was negative and statistically insignificant.

Accounting plays a very crucial role in the management and success or failure of most organizations. As a system, automated information system records and processes data of transaction and events into useful information for use in planning, controlling and operation of businesses. Kenya is a growing economy, and the global pressure has forced it to embrace E-Governance practices. As a result, ways to improve their operations have been placed. This study aimed at establishing the effect of implementing Automated Information Systems (AIS) on the County Government’s operations. The County operations were classified in terms of transparency and record keeping as well as supervision while the AIS was operationalized in terms of the Zizi System, the County Pro System and the Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS). This study employed complete enumeration survey method to collect data from all the twelve sub-counties in Kiambu, Kenya. The respondents were the IT managers, Financial Officers, and the Revenue Officers. Multiple regression was used to test the effect of AIS on the Kenya County Governments’ operation. The findings of this study indicate that implementing the Automated Information Systems had a significant positive effect on the county government’s operations.

The Taguchi’s orthogonal array is based on a mathematical model of factorial designs. This paper investigates the effects of four parameters in Probability of Default (PD) using Black-Scholes model (BSM) for call option at one period by considering asset value V, firm’s debt X, expected growth r and the volatility σ. The main aim is to determine which parameters affect mostly on PD of a firm. The experiment is based on the orthogonal array L9 in which the four parameters are varied at three levels. Finally, the ANOM is used to describe the best combination and ANOVA is implemented to measure the contribution of the given independent variables.

This study aims to investigate the effect of risk management on earnings volatility on shares of banks listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population includes all 20 listed banks in Tehran Stock Exchange over the period 2009-2015. As the number of listed banks in Tehran Stock Exchange was limited, census method and multiple regressions in panel data were used to collect the data and to test the hypotheses, respectively. In this study, earnings volatility was calculated given in Dichev and Tang (2009) [Dichev, I. D., & Tang, V. W. (2009). Earnings volatility and earnings predictability. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 47(1), 160-181.]. The results indicate that the coefficient of risk management was -0.20 with Sig. = 0.002; therefore risk management maintains a negative effect on banks’ profitability volatility. In addition, stock return coefficient is 0.0053 (Sig. = 0.000) which indicates a positive effect on earnings volatility. The coefficients of dividend ratio, firm size and liquidity ratio were 0.023, 0.071 and 0.059, respectively and they have significant and positive effect on earnings volatility.