This review aims to sniff out potential fraud in controlling village funds and to find out effective mechanisms for preventing village fund fraud in Indonesia. However, apart from contributing institutions that were small, previous researchers have ignored the problem of fraud shortly threatening sustainability of institutions such as a small rural village in Indonesia. So, this study is intended to find out how a small village level institution can prevent fraud. This analysis uses a self-administered questionnaire and distributes 250 questionnaires to village heads, secretary of village heads, and financial treasurers in village institutions with 179 questionnaires for which data can be processed. To test the theoretical model, multiple regression is used. Outputs from multiple regression reveals that a habit of honesty and integrity have a positive effect and significant, process and control the internal and supervisory functions are good and behavioral religious has a positive effect but are less significant in the fraud preventive mechanism if implemented partially. This finding also provides a strong picture that if the four dimensions of fraud prevention mechanism must be implemented simultaneously to have high effectiveness and vice versa. On the whole, the research paper is advocating some tactics to prevent fraud which is effective to reduce the threat of fraud in the institution at the smallest village level in Indonesia and the countries of the developing others. The lack of studies empirically the impact of habits of honesty, internal control, and monitoring Duty proper religious behavior and attitudes in an effective study of fraud prevention in non-Western environments has answered the need for this research.

During the past few years, there have been tremendous changes on customer preferences on the architectures and design perspectives. There are many cases where there are big differences between what originally a plan is designed for and what it comes in final stage. Obviously, this may create significant amount of rework, waste and it can increase the cost of building a house, significantly. This paper presents an empirical investigation on factors influencing change in architecture of buildings. The proposed study designs a questionnaire in Likert scale and distributes it among some experts at difference universities in Iran. The study categorizes different factors in terms of “factors reducing change in clients’ request”, “methods on predicting clients’ request”, “methods on presenting plans for clients”, “Effective parameters on change in plan” and finally “Important actions on change prevention”. Using experts’ insight, the study ranks various factors in each category.