This study aims to examine spatial disparities in tourism development within the marine conservation area of Nusa Penida, Bali. It further seeks to formulate an equitable blue economy policy pathway that integrates environmental conservation, spatial justice, and community participation through a stakeholder-driven framework. The research applies a spatial descriptive analysis to identify patterns of tourism infrastructure, service distribution, and accessibility across Nusa Penida’s western, central, and eastern regions. In addition, a policy evaluation using the MULTIPOL (Multi-Policy) method was conducted, involving expert-based Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The MULTIPOL framework evaluated three policy scenarios using five criteria: ecological sustainability, social inclusion, spatial equity, economic feasibility, and institutional support. Findings reveal a strong spatial imbalance, with development and tourism investment highly concentrated in the western part of the island. This has led to environmental stress in overdeveloped areas and exclusion in underdeveloped regions. The preferred scenario, Equitable Blue Economy, highlights institutional strengthening, adaptive spatial zoning, and empowerment of local communities. This model aligns with local Balinese values such as Tri Hita Karana, reinforcing policy legitimacy and sustainability. Comparative insights from similar island contexts globally support the relevance of participatory and spatially integrated planning. Tourism development in marine conservation areas like Nusa Penida must not only pursue economic growth and environmental preservation but also ensure social equity and spatial justice. The integration of community values and participatory governance is essential to achieve a resilient and just blue economy model.

Sustainable tourism is known as an effort to prevent the negative impacts of tourism development by considering economic, social and environmental aspects. Sustainable tourism development is very important to be used as a reference in managing tourism destinations. The large tourism potential in the Bali Province has been inventoried by the Provincial Government of Bali by establishing a tourism area. However, in its development, several designated tourism areas cannot develop optimally and tend to experience a decrease in the quality and quantity of tourist visits. This paper presents transformation pathways toward sustainable tourism development in tourism areas. The general objective is to determine strategies that can be pursued in the development of tourism areas. The specific objective is to develop the best policies and scenarios in the development of tourism areas. This research was conducted in the Soka Tourism Area in Bali Province, Indonesia, which is the only strategic tourism area in Tabanan Regency, which has great potential but has not been able to develop optimally. The data obtained from the focus group discussion, as a data collection method will be analyzed using the MULTIPOL method. The results of the research show that the development of sustainable tourism areas can be carried out by preparing a clear and measurable framework. Promotion, preparation of cross-sector programs and tourism management training activities are needed as priority programs. On the policy, it is necessary to carry out effective planning as an optimal policy involving all stakeholders. In addition, the “Progressive Transformation” and “Integrated Transformation” scenarios can be considered to achieve sustainable tourism development. This study can be an important input for stakeholders in determining policies for the development of tourism areas in the research locations and can be applied in other areas that have similar characteristics.

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the effect of accessibility, tourism governance, and information technology on competitive advantage mediated by supply chain management at tourist destinations in Central Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach. A total of 205 respondents were used as a simple sampling technique. The data analysis technique used was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Square with the help of SmartPLS software. The results of this study indicate that accessibility, tourism governance, and information technology had positive effects on supply chain management and competitive advantage. Furthermore, supply chain management was able to mediate the effect of accessibility, tourism governance, and information technology on competitive advantage. This would practically imply that tourist attraction with easy access is more likely to increase the capability of supply chain management and competitive advantage.

This paper aims to investigate sustainable tourism supply chains by examining the roles of environmental management, social support, and financial performance of tourist destination agencies. By placing the mediating role of innovativeness, this study developed a theoretical framework to explore the antecedents of tourism supply chain management. This research was conducted in a national park in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, with 176 samples from tourism business actors. By using purposive sampling method, data analysis was performed using Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results of the analysis show a positive and significant influence of environmental management, social support, and financial performance on managerial innovation. These variables in the next analysis are estimated as antecedents of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) in tourism, indicating positive and significant effects resulting from the analysis. In particular, the analysis also raises the important role of managerial innovation in improving the performance of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) in tourism. Empirically, these findings underscore that the greater capabilities of the tourism organization in consolidating organizational resources, organizational performance and social support is more likely to increase the sustainability of SCM.

Despite the growing relevance of sustainable niche tourism, there is a lack of empirical studies on tourist consumer behavior in the context of coffee tourism—particularly regarding the factors that stimulate the urge to travel. The aim of the present study is to examine how digital literacy, habit, destination trust, and destination preference influence tourists’ urge to travel to coffee plantations. A conceptual framework was formulated to determine the ways in which habituated interaction between tourists and AI-based tourism infrastructure shapes tourists’ cognitions and affections to trust and preference, and these further drives travel enthusiasm. Data were gathered through an online survey on 225 tourists using convenient sampling. The measurement model was examined using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and the structural model and hypotheses were evaluated using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with AMOS version 29. The findings indicated that digital literacy had a significant and positive impact on the construction of habitual use of technology. Habit further emerged as an essential antecedent for destination trust and destination preference. Moreover, trust and preference were significant antecedents of tourists’ urge to travel. The model had superb fit indices (χ²/DF = 1.124, CFI = 0.995, RMSEA = 0.024), validating its theoretical construct and empirics. The findings provide deeper insights into consumer behavior, digital tourism consumption, and destination marketing practices, particularly, in response to the growing sustainability demands within the emerging context of coffee tourism.