Glyphosate is indeed one of the most extensively used herbicides worldwide, valued for its effectiveness in controlling weeds and increasing crop yields. However, its widespread use has prompted ongoing debates and research regarding its environmental and ecological impacts. Concerns include potential effects on non-target plant species, soil health, aquatic ecosystems, and overall biodiversity. Some studies suggest that glyphosate may influence soil microbial communities and have unintended consequences on beneficial insects and wildlife. As a result, many countries and organizations are reevaluating regulations and promoting integrated weed management practices to balance agricultural productivity with ecosystem sustainability.

Pesticide contamination in water sources poses a significant threat to environmental and human health, demanding effective and sustainable remediation strategies. Biochar, a carbonaceous material produced through the pyrolysis of biomass, has emerged as a promising adsorbent due to its high surface area, porosity, and functional surface groups. This comprehensive review examines recent advances in biochar-based technologies for the removal of pesticides from water systems. It discusses the mechanisms of adsorption, influences of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions, and various modification techniques to enhance adsorption capacity. The review also evaluates the practical application of biochar in water treatment, highlighting environmental benefits such as resource recycling and carbon sequestration. Challenges and future perspectives including scalability, regeneration, and integration into existing treatment frameworks are addressed. Overall, biochar-based approaches offer a sustainable, cost-effective solution for mitigating pesticide pollution and improving water quality.

The total amount of iodide applied was recovered from all lysimeters in symmetrical curves. Fenitrothion-BTCs included two peaks, while thiobencarb-BTCs included one peak in the two tested soil types. The cumulative of fenitrothion (75.3%) and thiobencarb (75.8%) from sandy clay loam soil-lysimeter were significantly higher compared with that of fenitrothion (21.1%) and thiobencarb (60.9%) from clay soil-lysimeter. Also, in clay soil-lysimeters, thiobencarb was more leaching (60.9%) compared to fenitrothion (21.1%). Nevertheless, in the sandy-lysimeter, the cummulative amounts of both compounds were almost the same (75.5%). Thiobencarb was more leaching and more rapidly in clay soil than fenitrothion. Whereas the leaching of the two compounds was almost the same in sandy clay loam soil. However, the leaching of thiobencarb was the fastest one. Fenitrothion required more water (about twice) for leaching from the two tested soil types compared to thiobencarb. Leaching statistics are needed to manage environmental protection and keep pesticides from reaching groundwater, as well as to anticipate and comprehend the behavior of pesticides in various soil types.

In this study, the movement dynamic of fenitrothion (50% EC) and thiobencarb (50% EC) was investigated using the field lysimeter in the presence of rice plant at four different levels of soil depth. Iodide was used as an indicator of the mobility of these pesticides through the soil in the field lysimeter. Iodide was detected in the leachates collected at level 1 and 2 only, the concentration of iodide collected from level 2 was more than those collected from level 1. The highest breakthrough curve for fenitrothion or thiobencarb was produced from the level 4 (deep level) followed by level 3 while the breakthrough curve of level 1 was the lowest peak. Significant differences were observed among the cumulative amounts of fenitrothion or thiobencarb collected from different depth levels. The pesticide residues in the leachates increase with the depth of soil profile increase. The cumulative amounts of the two tested pesticides were compatible with the concentration of treatments, and were higher in high-treatment (50 μg/g soil) compared with that in low-treatment (25 μg/g soil). Our results obtained leaching of thiobencarb was slightly higher than the leaching of fenitrothion. These results are useful in understanding the movement of pesticides and agrochemicals in the agricultural environment.

Batch adsorption and desorption kinetic experiments of fenitrothion on clay soil and sandy clay loam soil indicated that the equilibration time was approximately 30 hours. The kinetics of adsorption and desorption exhibited two distinct stages: a rapid process in the initial stages followed by a slow process. The pseudo-first-order model followed by the Elovich kinetic model fit the experimental adsorption and desorption data quite well, with high values of R2 and low values of ∆qe% and SSE. Accordingly, the pseudo-first-order model is most suitable for describing the adsorption and desorption kinetics of fenitrothion on clay soil and sandy clay soil. Pseudo-second-order model type-1 and type-2 models fit the experimental adsorption data; however, these models cannot be used to describe desorption kinetics. Moreover, the modified Freundlich model has limited applicability, and the intraparticle diffusion kinetic model cannot describe the kinetics of the adsorption and desorption of fenitrothion on clay and sandy clay loam soils.

A new series of Schiff bases derived from pyrazole-thiocarbohydrazide, namely (4a-d), were well-synthesized. The synthesis is carried out using monothiocarbohydrazone derivative (3), which was prepared via coupling of 5-chloro-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde (1) with thiocarbohydrazide (2) in absolute ethanol that contains a catalytic quantity of acetic acid. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were fully clarified by various spectroscopic analyses (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, and mass spectra) and elemental analysis. Also, the molecular docking was performed to investigate the binding interactions of the synthesized compounds (1, 3 and 4a-d) with COX-2 active site. The results revealed that most of them have robust hydrogen bonding networks and favorable binding energies compared to compound (4b). Understanding the anti-inflammatory behavior through understanding the specific interactions of these compounds with COX-2 will aid in the design and development of more effective inhibitors for therapeutic applications.

Knowledge of pesticide adsorption characteristics is essential to predict their behavior in soil. The adsorption equilibrium isotherms of two insecticides chlorantraniliprole (CAP) and dinotefuran (DNF) on two common Egyptian soil types, clay loam and sandy loam were studied and modeled. To predict the adsorption isotherms and to determine the adsorption parameters, ten isotherm models: Langmuir (five linear forms), Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Elovick, Fowler-Guggenheim, Kiselev, Jovanoic, Harkins-Jura, and Halsey were applied on experimental data. The results revealed that the adsorption isotherm models fitted the data in the order of Halsey > Freundlich > Jovanoic > Langmuir isotherme. The models of Harkins-Jura, Elovich, Temkin, and Fowler-Guggenheim are not applicable to predict the adsorption isotherms of the tested insecticides. In order to determine the best-fit isotherm, the correlation coefficient (R2), comparing the experimental (exp) and calculated (cal) adsorption data, and a normalized standard deviation (Δg%) were used to evaluate the data. Therefore, the isotherm models Halsey and Freundlich could be used to predict the adsorption characteristics of CAP and DNF in the common Egyptian soil types, clay loam and sandy loam. Consequently, the mathematical models Halsey, Freundlich, and Jovanoic can describe the fate of CAP and DNF and can be used to control Egyptian soil contamination.

The leaching of two pesticides, cholantraniliprole (CAP) and bispyribac-sodium (BPS) in sandy clay loam soil (soil A) and sandy loam soil (soil B) were examined, by soil columns under laboratory conditions. In addition, the effect of adding 5% biochar and wheat straw to the soils on the leaching of CAP and BPS was studied. It is clear from the results that BPS is more leachable than CAP in all soil columns, and more leached to soil B. It was found that the addition of biochar and wheat straw has a significant effect on the movements of these pesticides and can be used to reduce the environmental impact. For CAP, 71 to 97% and 84 to 97% were recovered from the soil A columns and soil B columns, respectively, while for BPS, 94 to 99% were recovered from columns of soil A and soil B.

The effect of biochar, compost, peat and wheat straw at 1 and 5% on adsorption isotherm of chlorantraniliprole, dinotefuran, bispyribac-sodium, and metribuzin was studied in clay loam soil and sandy loam soil. Biochar, compost, peat and wheat straw (at a rate of 1 % in soil) improved the adsorption capacity of chlorantraniliprole and metribuzin in sandy loam soil. The sorption coefficients are higher for chlorantraniliprole and metribuzin whereas lower for dinotefuran and bispyribac-sodium in amended soil compared to unamended sandy loam soil. There is not a clear direct correlation between Freundlich parameters as well as Kd or Koc and type of organic amendment. The sorption of all tested pesticides on biochar was increased, whereas on compost was decreased. The order of pesticides sorption in soils and different organic amendments is generally inversely proportional to their aqueous solubilites. Adsorption of chlorantraniliprole increases on the sandy loam soil amendment at the rate of 1% in the following order: peat > compost > biochar > original soil. Also, the magnitude of adsorption on soil A amendment at the rate of 5% can be arranged for dinotefuran in the order; peat > biochar > compost > original soil and for bispyribac-sodium and metribuzin peat = wheat straw > biochar > original soil.

The efficiency of different sorbents (bulk soil, sand, silt, clay and humic acid-HA) for chlorantraniliprole (CAP), dinotefuran (DNF), bispyribac-sodium (BPS), and metribuzin (MBZ) adsorption was described and compared. The adsorption of CAP, DNF, BPS and MBZ were significantly greater on clay and HA fractions than the bulk soils. Also, the tested pesticides sorption was greater on HA fraction compared to clay fraction except in the case of BPS. The mass unit of bulk soil adsorbed of CAP, DNF, BPS and MBZ approximately 15, 20, 10 and 5 % of the same of HA and 40, 60, 95 and 35 % of that of clay fraction, respectively. The actual amounts adsorbed on bulk soil ranged from (88.63 to 93.93 %) of the calculated amounts adsorbed on all soil components indicating high efficiency of the tested soils to adsorb tested pesticides. All adsorption data fitted well to the linear Freundlich equation. The adsorption of tested pesticides in soil and their different constituents is S-type according to 1/n (except some cases).