This comprehensive review explores the dual facets of pesticides, emphasizing their critical role in enhancing agricultural productivity and disease control while addressing their associated environmental and health risks. It examines the benefits of pesticide use, including increased crop yields, protection against pests and disease vectors, and economic advantages. Conversely, it highlights the potential adverse effects such as environmental contamination, biodiversity loss, resistance development, and human health concerns. The review advocates for sustainable pest management strategies, including integrated pest management and innovative alternatives, to balance the benefits with the pressing need for environmental and public health protection.

Pesticide contamination in water sources poses a significant threat to environmental and human health, demanding effective and sustainable remediation strategies. Biochar, a carbonaceous material produced through the pyrolysis of biomass, has emerged as a promising adsorbent due to its high surface area, porosity, and functional surface groups. This comprehensive review examines recent advances in biochar-based technologies for the removal of pesticides from water systems. It discusses the mechanisms of adsorption, influences of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions, and various modification techniques to enhance adsorption capacity. The review also evaluates the practical application of biochar in water treatment, highlighting environmental benefits such as resource recycling and carbon sequestration. Challenges and future perspectives including scalability, regeneration, and integration into existing treatment frameworks are addressed. Overall, biochar-based approaches offer a sustainable, cost-effective solution for mitigating pesticide pollution and improving water quality.

The total amount of iodide applied was recovered from all lysimeters in symmetrical curves. Fenitrothion-BTCs included two peaks, while thiobencarb-BTCs included one peak in the two tested soil types. The cumulative of fenitrothion (75.3%) and thiobencarb (75.8%) from sandy clay loam soil-lysimeter were significantly higher compared with that of fenitrothion (21.1%) and thiobencarb (60.9%) from clay soil-lysimeter. Also, in clay soil-lysimeters, thiobencarb was more leaching (60.9%) compared to fenitrothion (21.1%). Nevertheless, in the sandy-lysimeter, the cummulative amounts of both compounds were almost the same (75.5%). Thiobencarb was more leaching and more rapidly in clay soil than fenitrothion. Whereas the leaching of the two compounds was almost the same in sandy clay loam soil. However, the leaching of thiobencarb was the fastest one. Fenitrothion required more water (about twice) for leaching from the two tested soil types compared to thiobencarb. Leaching statistics are needed to manage environmental protection and keep pesticides from reaching groundwater, as well as to anticipate and comprehend the behavior of pesticides in various soil types.

In this study, the movement dynamic of fenitrothion (50% EC) and thiobencarb (50% EC) was investigated using the field lysimeter in the presence of rice plant at four different levels of soil depth. Iodide was used as an indicator of the mobility of these pesticides through the soil in the field lysimeter. Iodide was detected in the leachates collected at level 1 and 2 only, the concentration of iodide collected from level 2 was more than those collected from level 1. The highest breakthrough curve for fenitrothion or thiobencarb was produced from the level 4 (deep level) followed by level 3 while the breakthrough curve of level 1 was the lowest peak. Significant differences were observed among the cumulative amounts of fenitrothion or thiobencarb collected from different depth levels. The pesticide residues in the leachates increase with the depth of soil profile increase. The cumulative amounts of the two tested pesticides were compatible with the concentration of treatments, and were higher in high-treatment (50 μg/g soil) compared with that in low-treatment (25 μg/g soil). Our results obtained leaching of thiobencarb was slightly higher than the leaching of fenitrothion. These results are useful in understanding the movement of pesticides and agrochemicals in the agricultural environment.

The effect of pH value at three levels (5, 7, and 9) and temperature at two levels (25 and 50ºC) on the sorption properties of chlorantraniliprole-CAP, dinotefuran-DNF, bispyribac-sodium-BPS, and metribuzin-MBZ were studied in calcareous soil. The sorption of CAP at pH 5 (38.2%) was significantly higher than that at pH 7 (32.4%) and 9 (28.4%), whereas the sorption of DNF at pH 5 was lower than that at pH 7. The adsorption of BPS at pH 9 was statistically significantly higher than that at pH 5 and pH 7. Regarding the herbicide MBZ adsorption percentages were 47.0, 61.1 and 57.1 % at pH 5, 7 and 9. The number of tested pesticides adsorbed by the soil was significantly influenced by the temperature. The adsorbed amount of CAP was decreased from 37% to 33% as the temperature was increased from 25˚C to 50 ˚C, while no significant differences of adsorbed DNF. Data showed that the adsorption of BPS and MBZ statistically decreases with temperature. The data from the adsorption behaviour of CAP, DNF, BPS, and MBZ in tested soil at different temperatures correspond well with the Freundlich isotherm. The negative ΔG˚ indicated that the adsorption of CAP, DNF, BPS, and MBZ were spontaneous at different temperatures. There was an increase in the entropy of the pesticide-soil systems as shown by the positive values of ΔS˚.

The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, to establish a list of the strategic planning techniques and tools utilized by organizations in business enterprises. Second, to classify these techniques and tools by industry type, i.e., enterprises from different sectors, manufacturing, banking, hospitality, and service industries. Third, to determine the ten most common strategic planning techniques and tools used by these enterprises. A systematic literature review was adopted to attain the purpose of the current research paper covering the period 2006-2021. The review was carried out using Google Scholar platform focusing on articles on business enterprises, i.e., excluding articles on public, healthcare, education, and non-profit organizations. A total of 46 articles were found and classified based on industry type. The Findings shown there are 45 strategic planning techniques and tools used by business enterprises from different sectors, and the most frequent tools are: benchmarking, SWOT analysis, CSFs analysis, TQM, balanced scorecard analysis, competitor analysis, CRM, Porter’s five-forces analysis, customer satisfaction analysis, and PEST analysis. This paper expands the extant literature on strategic planning techniques and tools through focusing on such techniques and tools in business enterprises to develop an updated business-related list for enterprises from different sectors, manufacturing, banking, hospitality, and service industries, as well as identifying the ten most common strategic techniques and tools that business enterprises use in general.