Maldistribution of skilled health workers between urban and rural area, especially pharmacist has become a global phenomenon. Not only the developing countries but also the developed country like the United States has been facing the same issue for a decades. Thus, many researchers have been trying to figure it out the reasons behind this occurrence. In their studies, most of the research-ers agreed that fresh graduates from pharmacy school were willing to work in the rural area. Therefore the primary aim of this study is to identify the important factors that can affect pharmacy stu-dents’ intention to work in rural area. Additionally, this study also tests the mediating effect of inter-est on the intention to work in the rural area of pharmacy students. A conceptual model is developed based on the two popular theories; namely theory of individual behavior and theory of interest. This model consists of three independent and one mediating and dependent variable. A quantitative ap-proach is used to test the hypotheses. With a structured questionnaire, this study is managed to get 675 students from different pharmacy schools. Multiple regression and Sobel tests are applied to test the direct and mediating effect. Results show that two out of three had a significant direct effect on pharmacy students’ intention to work in rural area. Similarly, a mediating effect also reveals the same. Based on the results, it is clear that predisposing variable is the most important for the phar-macy students’ interest to work in the rural area. The finding of this study, indeed, fills the paucity of the empirical evidence regarding pharmacy students’ working intention to the rural area, especial-ly in the Indonesian context. Based on the findings, this study provides several recommendations for the government as well as pharmacy curricula developer.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of marketing mix on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction in food and beverage products of SMEs in Malaysia. The method of collecting data is by using questionnaire and a sample of 300 customers is used for data gathering. Path analysis and Sobel test are used in analyzing the data. The finding shows that product, promotion, place and price have positive effects on customer satisfaction of food and beverage products SMEs in Malaysia. Product, promotion, place and price give contribution to customer satisfaction about 68.9% while the rest is affected by other variables which are not included in this research. Moreover, customer satisfaction has a positive effect on customer loyalty. The finding also shows that product, promotion, place and price had positive effects on customer loyalty through customer satisfaction of food and beverage products SMEs in Malaysia. Product, promotion, place, price and customer satisfaction influence on customer loyalty about 61.7%.

Over the years, substantial efforts have been given for exploring the halal concepts particularly, in the aspect of consumable goods and services. Concerning the issue of halal cosmetic products, the majority of the studies were undertaken until the stage of consumers’ purchase intention only. Comparatively, only few studies were found in the area of pertaining to Muslims’ purchase behavior of halal cosmetic products. Hence, this study can be considered significant in the sense that it tries to bridge this gap in the existing literature. Therefore, this study gives some new insights to the current body of knowledge by focusing on purchase behavior of halal cosmetics. The findings of the study demonstrate that attitude, perceived behavioral control, and religiosity had significant relationships with purchase intention, whereas subjective norm had an insignificant relationship. Ultimately, the findings would be helpful for generating future researches and offering supplementary resources, especially in the Malaysian context.