Silver is a metal that offers significant value to both investors and companies. The purpose of this study is to make an estimation of the price of silver. While making this estimation, it is planned to include the frequency of searches on Google Trends for the words that affect the silver price. Thus, it is aimed to obtain a more accurate estimate. First, using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation method, the keywords to be analyzed in Google Trends were collected from various articles on the Internet. Mining data from Google Trends combined with the information obtained by LDA is the new approach this study took, to predict the price of silver. No study has been found in the literature that has adopted this approach to estimate the price of silver. The estimation was carried out with Random Forest Regression, Gaussian Process Regression, Support Vector Machine, Regression Trees and Artificial Neural Networks methods. In addition, ARIMA, which is one of the traditional methods that is widely used in time series analysis, was also used to benchmark the accuracy of the methodology. The best MSE ratio was obtained as 0,000227131 ± 0.0000235205 by the Regression Trees method. This score indicates that it would be a valid technique to estimate the price of "Silver" by using Google Trends data using the LDA method.

This study examines the effects of board structure on information disclosure in annual reports of the listed firms in Sub-Saharan Africa countries' stock exchanges. Findings indicate that board size is positive and significantly related to information disclosure. However, findings indicate that the percentage of outside directors is not significantly related to information disclosure. This study contributes to corporate governance literature, especially in regard to the association between attributes of board structure and information disclosure. Findings of this study provide some practical benefits to regulators and policymakers in understanding the nexus between board structure and information disclosure in Sub-Saharan Africa. This would help policymakers and regulators to formulate policies and regulations with regards to board structure and good corporate governance practices, specifically those related to information disclosure.

COVID-19 has caused severe disruptions in global economic activities, and its impacts on stock markets cannot be overemphasized. The study employs market model and event study approach with four events (WHO announcement of COVID-19 as a global health emergency, confirmed infections, confirmed deaths, and vaccination) to examine the reactions of four African regional blocs’ markets to the pandemic from September 1, 2019, to August 31, 2021, to estimate the average abnormal returns of each regional bloc. On the day of the WHO announcement, we document insignificant negative average abnormal returns in the Northern bloc. We also document significant negative average abnormal returns for infections in all but the Northern bloc on the event day. The Western bloc generated the highest significant negative average abnormal return (-43 per cent) on the day COVID-19 death was confirmed on the continent. We finally document insignificant average abnormal returns from weeks 1 to 20 after the first vaccination in the Northern and Eastern blocs. The study recommends that investors, portfolio managers, and speculators not panic during similar pandemics since they can generate significant abnormal returns and diversify their investment holdings across the four regional blocs in Africa, as demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study conducted a test to see the influence of budgeting participation on working performance through managers’ commitment as an intervening variable of managers manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This study used descriptive analysis and statistical method Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)-Lisrel. The data was collected by using questionnaires given to 124 managers from 108 manufacturing companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange. The result showed that budgeting participation has a positive and significant influence on the managers’ performance through managers’ commitment as an intervening variable. The findings of this study added to the limitations of the research literature on the elaboration of variables that determine managers’ commitment and manager’s performance in manufacturing companies.

Economists have exploited the social accounting matrix in linear economic models to analyze the effect of some variables such as government spending, investment, and export on other economic indicators including total output, employment, household income, and economic growth. In this paper, the influence of investment injection on some economic indicators is analyzed. In addition, to gather different indicators in a general view, these economic indicators are applied as inputs and outputs in a data envelopment analysis model. Overall, to get to the best possible economic conditions, a fair revenue allocation method is used based on a data envelopment analysis model to determine each economic sector’s quota of investment. Next, a kind of fair-biased allocation method improving the economic conditions in comparison to the prior model is proposed. Finally, the whole process for Iran’s social accounting matrix and subsequent results are presented.

The automobile industry is an obvious indication of a country's economic development. Because it requires high performance and quality parts, it is also an innovation and comprehension intensive sector. Because of its deep forward and backward links with many key segments of the economy, the automobile sector is also prominent in India. Because of the strong supply support provided by various auto ancillary manufacturing companies, this sector has a strong multiplier effect and has the potential to be a driver of economic growth. The auto ancillary market is focused on the production and sale of transitional equipment and automotive parts used in the manufacture of automobiles. It is an important part of India's automotive industry. Such industries allow vehicle manufacturers to concentrate on their core competencies. The auto ancillary manufacturing Industry, with its high growth prospects, is one of the emerging industries in Indian markets. The Altman Z rating is a beneficial expedient for identifying a company's economic resilience and the probability of insolvency. The Z rating method was once used in this to find out to check the economic fitness of Indian auto ancillary manufacturing companies. The economic facts of 10 auto ancillary manufacturing companies listed groups on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) have been used to study each unique and rising market Altman Z rating formulae. The findings point out that not all the enterprises listed on the NSE are financially healthy. According to the study, some of the Indian auto ancillary manufacturing companies are sound and dependable without few companies, and some of the auto ancillary manufacturing companies are not likely to face monetary misery or insolvency soon.

This study aimed to develop a model for developing a shared economy with an economic development approach in the Iranian sports industry. The research method was a two-stage exploratory combination of instrument making. In the qualitative part, the purposeful sampling method and theoretical saturation technique were performed. The tools used were to identify semi-structured interviews (with focus groups) and study documents. To ensure the validity and reliability of the study, the Lincoln and Guba evaluation methods were used. In the quantitative part, the research method was a descriptive survey. The statistical population was the economic activists in sports and sports marketing students. According to Cochran’s sample size determination formula, 384 people were considered as the sample. to collect data from the questionnaire of the framework model of the shared economy model in sports with an economic development approach that includes 43 items that have been extracted according to the theoretical foundations and the qualitative part of the research. Eight professors of sports management were used to evaluate the face validity and the carcass model was used for the content validity of the questionnaire questions. (CVR=0.86) and content validity was confirmed. Cronbach's approved alpha was also used. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data to evaluate the fit of the research model. The results of the research in the qualitative section showed that after examining the Delphi method and performing the first stage, 31 items were identified. In the second stage, 40 items were identified, and in the third stage; Finally, 50 items were identified. The three dimensions of human ecology, fiscal policy, and value-oriented processes emerged as a framework for the model of a shared economy in sports with an economic development approach. And in the quantitative part, the human ecology dimension with a value of 0.71 affects the value-oriented process dimension with a value of 0.65 and the fiscal policy dimension with a value of 0.63 affects the framework for the development of a shared economy in sport. The results also showed that the research model has a good fit. Therefore, it is suggested that the sports organizations' managers pay attention to the factors of this research to implement economic development by emphasizing a shared economy.

This study aims to examine customer retention (CR) from the aspect of customer satisfaction with customer relationship management (CRM), service quality and marketing relations (RM). State-owned bank customers selected the research population in all branch offices in the Madura region, and data were collected through a Likert scale model questionnaire. The results of the path analysis using the structural analysis model (SEM) show that there is an influence of CRM on customer satisfaction; there is an effect of service quality on customer satisfaction; there is an effect of RM on customer satisfaction; CRM through customer satisfaction affects CR; service quality through customer satisfaction affects CR; RM through customer satisfaction affects CR; there is an effect of customer satisfaction on CR on customers. Then the simultaneous test shows that simultaneously RM, service quality, and RM impact customer satisfaction, and the value of coefficient of determination (R-Square) explains that CRM, service quality, and RM can effectively contribute to customer satisfaction. Simultaneously, CRM, service quality, and RM affect CR. CRM, service quality, and RM affect CR mediated by customer satisfaction. CRM, service quality, and RM, through customer satisfaction, can effectively contribute to CR to customers of state-owned bank Regional Offices.

Portfolio optimization aims to minimize risk and maximize return on investment by determining the best combination of securities and proportions. The variance in portfolio optimization models is typically used for a measure of risk. Over the last few decades, portfolio optimization utilizing a variety of risk measures has grown significantly, and many studies have been conducted. Therefore, this paper provides a systematic review of risk measures for portfolio optimization using bibliometric analysis and maps to analyze the evolution and trends of 682 articles published between 2000 and 2022. Throughout this analysis, communication networks among articles, authors, sources, countries, and keywords are explored. Furthermore, a classification of risks and risk measures were presented to demonstrate a comprehensive overview of the field, and the top 50 papers were analyzed to determine which risk measures were most often used in recent studies.

The purpose of our research is to study the impact of financial crisis on Risk premium evolution for a set of emerging countries of MENA (Middle East and North Africa), giving special attention to the appreciation of the local risk premium in addition to the currency risk premium through the study of the dynamics of the financial integration under two assumptions: perfect integration and partial segmentation. At the methodological level, we test a conditional version of the international model of the financial assets ICAPM of De initially proposed by Adler and Dumas 1983 [Adler, M., & Dumas, B. (1983). International portfolio choice and corporation finance: A synthesis. The Journal of Finance, 38(3), 925-984.]. Our analysis is based on the conditional model of regime change of Bekaert and Harvey (1995) [Bekaert, G., & Harvey, C. R. (1995). Time‐varying world market integration. The Journal of Finance, 50(2), 403-444.], we follow the econometric modeling using the Kalman filter and the Markov regime-switching model with variable transition probabilities.