A three-step method for obtaining pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-4,7-dicarboxylates was presented. The method involves the N-alkylation of 5-formylpyrrole-3-carboxylates with bromoacetate, followed by the aminoalkenylation of the N-alkoxycarbonylmethyl group using dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal, and further annulation of the pyrazine ring in the presence of ammonium acetate. Procedures for selective hydrolysis, halogenation, arylation, and alkynylation of the synthesized dicarboxylates were described. The in silico evaluation of the potential bioactivity of the synthesized dicarboxylates 4a–f, dicarboxylic acids 7a–c,e, halogenated dicarboxylates 8f–j, and dicarboxylic acids 10a–e was carried out. As seen from the screening of antimicrobial activity, the synthesized compounds 7a–e, 8c,f–j, 10a–e exhibit inhibitory and bactericidal activity against several bacteria and fungi. The highest activity against Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis has been established for the compound 8f with a MIC of 15.625 µg/mL, and the highest antifungal activity against Candida albicans was found for the compounds 8f, 8g, and 8i (МІС=15.625 µg/mL). The molecular docking data show that the compound 8i has the highest affinity to the ThiM Klebsiella pneumoniae kinase, and compounds 8i, 8j are noted for their highest affinity to the DNA gyrase from Staphylococcus aureus.

A number of 3-aryl-5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoles were synthesized by cyclocondensation of imidazolidine-2-thione with phenacyl bromides, and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity was evaluated. Bioscreening confirmed the moderate antibacterial activity against the reference strains of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris and excellent antifungal activity against Candida albicans. It was found that 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole 4h (MIC = 15.625 μg/ml) has twice the antifungal effect compared to the control drug Furacilin. The study of the antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds proved their ability to inhibit 60–97% of DPPH radicals. The best antiradical effect was found for 4-(5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-3-yl)phenol 4e (I = 97%). A probable mechanism of its action was proposed involving the formation of a radical cation by the SET process. For the most active antioxidants 4e-g, reactivity and electrostatic surface potential were evaluated using the DFT method, and molecular docking was studied on the human peroxiredoxin 5 protein model.

A series of new 4-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-containing polysubstituted pyrroles 3 a-k has been synthesized by a preparative convenient method from ethyl 5-chloro-4-formyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylates 1 a-e, which were selectively transformed into the corresponding polysubstituted pyrrole-4-carboxylic acids 2 а-е using sodium hypochlorite as an oxidizer. Further, they were transformed into the target compounds with a high yield using the cyclocondensation with N-mono- or N,N-disubstituted thiosemicarbazides in the boiling phosphorus trichloroxide. As seen from the screening of antimicrobial activity, the synthesized compounds exhibit the inhibiting and bactericide activity against some bacteria and fungi. The highest activity has been established for the compounds 3 a, c, e-h, j against the strain Klebsiella pneumoniae (МІС=31.25 µg/mL). The calculated HOMO energy level proves that the compound 3 с is the most reactive ligand for the interaction with a protein receptor. The molecular docking data show that the compound 3 h has the highest affinity to the ThiM Klebsiella pneumoniae kinase.

A series of new derivatives of 3-(pyrrol-4-yl)acrylamides 3a-l with the pyrrole nucleus functionalized by chlorine atoms and ester group, have been synthesized by simple preparative methods from the available esters of 5-chloro-4-formylpyrrol-3-carboxylic acids 1a-e. At first, 3-(pyrrol-4-yl)acrylic acids 2a-e were synthesized by the Knoevenagel’s reaction between malonic acid and the esters 1a-e. Then the target compounds were obtained with a high yield in the reactions between chloroanhydrides of the synthesized acrylic acids and aromatic or aliphatic amines in the boiling benzene. The structure of all obtained compounds was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy, and additionally checked by the mass-spectrometry. Then the antimicrobial activity of all amides was tested in vitro on some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi. It has been found that the gram-negative bacteria are resistant against the synthesized chemicals, while the gram-positive bacteria are sensitive to the amides 3с, e, f, g, i. The highest activity against Staphylococcus aureus MR and Staphylococcus epidermidis MS was registered for the amide 3f, and the retardation area diameter for this amide was greater than that for the control drugs.