The purpose of this study is to analyse the simultaneous spatial relationship between economic growth and e-commerce as well as the spillover effect between the two variables in East Java at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. To answer the research objectives, spatial simultaneous modeling is used with the Spatial Autoregressive Generalized Spatial Three Model. Stage Least Square (SAR-GS3SLS) using rook contiguity. Based on the results of the SAR-GS3SLS, it can be concluded that at the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 in East Java, economic growth and e-commerce were simultaneously spatially interconnected. Variables that affect East Java's economic growth are e-commerce activities, the number of villages that have Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) and the spatial lag of economic growth (ρ1) while the open unemployment rate (TPT) and the Gini ratio have no significant effect on growth. economy. Variables that affect e-commerce are economic growth, internet banking users, percentage of population who have cellphones, number of millennials, number of villages that have ATMs and spatial lag of e-commerce (ρ2) while the number of villages with 4G/LTE signals has no effect on e-commerce. commerce. Regencies/cities that provide the highest spillover of economic growth and e-commerce in East Java are Malang, Mojokerto and Madiun Regencies. The three districts were able to provide a positive net spillover.

This paper investigates firm heterogeneity in total factor productivity across manufacturing sectors for Vietnamese manufacturers over the period 2010-2016. Productivity is proxied by total factor productivity and estimated by following a procedure by Ackerberg et al. (2015) [Ackerberg, D. A., Caves, K., & Frazer, G. (2015). Identification properties of recent production function estimators. Econometrica, 83(6), 2411-2451.], using value-added production. While several measurements of total factor productivity are used, namely: growth, distance, dispersion and spillover effects, firm heterogeneity in productivity sources conveys more information about firm-specific differences in productivity. In this regard, in terms of labor, the larger firms yield higher TFP level/TFP distance /TFP dispersion, whereas, in terms of capital stocks, TFP level/TFP distance /TFP dispersion decreases as firm sizes increase. With respect to average wage, top-quartile firms paying high wages register much greater TFP level/ TFP dispersion than bottom-quartile firms. We find that the beneficial impact of exports on productivity is the most evident when firms become exporters and exporters shorten the TFP distance and strengthen TFP dispersion. Regarding ownership, FDI exporters have significant-ly higher TFP growth/ TFP dispersion than domestic firms. Results from firm heterogeneity effects on TFP certainly provoke policies expanding SMEs in terms of capital stocks and obtaining advantages of labor costs, paying higher wage rate, involving into the trade, and may have the foreign capital investment.