In today's dynamic business landscape, projects are crucial for organizational success, leading to a greater emphasis on project-based operations. While traditional measures of project success, such as cost, time, and budget, remain relevant, they are increasingly recognized as insufficient. This study investigates the influence of inclusive leadership on project success within Pakistan's construction industry, focusing on the mediating role of project citizenship behavior (PCB) and the moderating effect of project complexity. Data were collected from 644 employees across various public and private construction projects in Pakistan using a cross-sectional survey. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed using SmartPLS 4 software for data analysis. The results indicate that inclusive leadership has a positive and significant impact on project success. Furthermore, project citizenship behavior positively and significantly mediates the relationship between inclusive leadership and project success. Finally, project complexity negatively and significantly moderates the relationship between inclusive leadership and project success, but not the relationship between inclusive leadership and project citizenship behavior. This study contributes to the project management literature by highlighting the importance of inclusive leadership and PCB in driving project success. It also provides practical implications for managers in construction SMEs, emphasizing the need to cultivate inclusive leadership styles and foster a supportive environment that encourages PCB. The study concludes with limitations and directions for future research, including exploring other leadership styles, moderators, and mediators, utilizing longitudinal designs, and examining smaller-scale construction subsectors.

Nowadays, projects have become so widespread in the world that individuals and organizations are always involved in a variety of them. Recent advances in technology and fundamental chang-es in most scientific disciplines have had an essential impact on projects, and have made the na-ture and environmental conditions governing them to become more complex than before. With increasing complexity, the amount of information needed for project management increases. In general, the increasing complexity of projects is a growing source of project risks. It has been recognized that complexity affects the performance of a project and will be effective in its suc-cess. In this context, the traditional principles and practices of project management are no longer able to control the emerging complexity of projects. In addition, one of the key factors for the success of the projects is the appropriateness of the project manager's assignment. Many studies have been carried out in identifying the suitability criteria of the project manager and the methods of selecting the project manager. In most of these studies, the amount and type of complexity of the project are mentioned as factors influencing the design of an appropriate project manager. However, there has not yet been a specific approach for selecting the project manager with re-gard to the complexity of the project. Therefore, in this research, we try to investigate the rela-tionship between the complexity of the project and the merits of the project manager by applying a structural equation modeling approach.

Complexity is one of the most important issues influencing success of any construction project and there are literally different studies devoted to detect important factors increasing complexity of projects. During the past few years, there have been growing interests in developing mass construction projects in Iran. The proposed study of this paper uses Delphi technique to find out about important factors as barriers of construction projects in Iran. The results show that among 47 project complexity factors, 19 factors are more important than others are. The study groups different factors into seven categories including environmental, organizational, objectives, tasks, stakeholders, technological, information systems and determines the relative importance of each. In each group, many other sub group activities are determined and they are carefully investigated. The study provides some detailed suggestions on each category to reduce the complexity of construction project.