Quality and safety of drugs are essential for effective therapeutic performance. Impurities can compromise the quality and safety of drugs, and they can arise during various stages of the development, production, storage and even transportation process. Therefore, detecting and measuring the number of impurities with high accuracy in drugs is necessary to ensure the quality and safety of drugs and to reduce the risks associated with taking them. Detecting and measuring impurities in drugs require advanced analytical techniques. The review highpoints a variety of analytical chemistry techniques include spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods in addition to some electrochemistry methods that have been applied for determination of certain drugs such as Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole, Hydroxychloroquine and Cefotaxime in their pure form, combined form with other drugs, combined form with degradation products, and in biological fluids.

An isocratic HPLC technique was exploited and validated for the quick simultaneous separation and measurement of cefotaxime and paracetamol in vials dosage forms, with a total analysis time of 3 minutes. The process of separation was carried out on a Thermo Scientific® Venusil XBPC18 (L) (5µm, 4.6x250 mm) using a mobile phase of ACN: distilled water (70:30, v/v) at the ambient temperature. The flow rate used in the experiment was 1 mL/min, and the highest level of absorption was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) employing a PDA detector set at a wavelength of 255 nm. The established retention times for cefotaxime and paracetamol were 1.79 and 2.97 minutes, respectively, suggesting reduced analysis duration. The observed limits of detection for ceftaxime and paracetamol were 4.2×10-5 and 1.2×10-5 µg/mL, respectively, indicating a significant level of sensitivity in the approach. The approach was subsequently verified in accordance with the requirements set out by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the quantification of medicines in vial dosage form.