This paper studies the impact of the factors reflecting the capital structure on the performance of construction companies listed on the Vietnam Stock Exchange by using a sample of 59 listed construction companies in three years (177 observations). This research is accomplished by applying a linear regression model and correlation analysis. The results show that: (1) factors such as number of years of operation, asset size, debt/equity do not affect return on assets (ROA) and return on equities (ROE); (2) the factor of total fixed assets / total assets yields a positive and significant impact on ROA and ROE; (3) the ratios of total debt / total equity and long term debt / total equity maintain negative impacts on ROA; and (4) debt / equity has a strong positive effect on ROE.