The paper shows the results of an empirical study on the optimization of polymer waste supply chains based on the circular economy in Ukraine. The research shows that the main links in the activity should be harmonized for quality and quick optimization of polymer waste supply chains, including the processes of collecting, sorting, treatment, processing, and recycling of resources for maintaining the quality by total cost reduction. The research argues that the circular economy that stipulates the easy processing, recycling, disassembling, and restoring of products replaced the traditional linear model “take, produce, and throw out” that has dominated the economy by now. The study shows that the transformation of supply chains in production ecosystems forms competitive advantages at the enterprises that allow them to be more productive through efficient use of resources.