The present work predicts the numerical progressive failure response and crack growth of finite plate laminated composites with cutout and multiple cracks under in-plane tensile and compressive loads. The ply to ply failure response of the finite plate is predicted using ABAQUS user define field variables subroutine approach, whereas the extended finite element method is used for examination of crack growth direction for multiple through crack of laminated composite finite plate. The subroutine predicted results are compared and validated with published experimental results and extended finite element method results. The effect of changing mesh size, fibre orientation, crack length, crack inclination angle on failure load, progressive stress intensity factor and damage toughness of various crack types is presented and discussed.

An approximated crack growth direction and coalescence of the multiple cracks were obtained for an aluminum alloy plate by the finite element approach (FEA). Self-similar as well as non-self-similar crack growths were observed based on relative position of multiple cracks. The FE predictions of crack growth direction are validated with an experimental results and good agreement is established. Typical numerical results are presented to examine the effect of changing the crack tip distance (S), crack offset distance (H) on crack growth direction and coalescence of a finite aluminum alloy aluminum plate. Based on the analysis and experimental results, a new mathematical models for self-similar and non-self similar crack growth are introduc

Force measurement is very vital in various scientific applications and its precise measurement is very necessary for reliability of the measurement process. There are several types of simple shaped force transducers, which may range from ring shaped force transducers to cantilever type or beam type force transducers. Ring shaped force transducers are one of most commonly used type of force transducers are developed on the basis of theory of thin rings. Till today, some of the modifications of ring shaped force transducers have been reported, the present investigation discusses the development of elliptical shaped force transducer as a modification of ring shaped force transducers and its preliminary investigation on metrological characterization based on the calibration procedures according to standards ISO 376-2011. The force transducer has been developed for the nominal capacity of 20 kN and strain gauges have been applied over the optimum locations to minimize cross sensitivity. The force transducer is developed exclusively for static force measurement related applications to serve as a link in providing the traceability to the user industries and calibration laboratories or serve as force transfer standard. The force transducer has been evaluated for suitability as a precision force transducer with the help of the 50 kN Dead Weight force machine traceable to national standard of force. The elliptical shape force transducers are found to have comparable metrological characteristics as compared to other ring shape force transducers.