Abstract: Leadership is an important factor in providing direction to employees and it can improve employee performance, significantly. When a leader can grow the employees’ confidence in carrying out their respective duties, he/she contributes to the performance of the organization. In addition to leadership, job satisfaction is also an important factor which influences on employee performance. To be able to maintain existing resources, companies are required to increase employee satisfaction, increase employee organizational commitment and provide job security for employees. This study aims to analyze the influence of leadership on job satisfaction, analyze the influence of leadership on employee performance, study the effect of job satisfaction on employee performance and analyze job satisfaction as a mediate leadership on employee performance based on path analysis. The result of the analysis shows that leadership influenced job satisfaction and employee performance while job satisfaction affects performance. Finally, the results indicate that job satisfaction mediated the effect of leadership on employee performance.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.039
Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Leadership, Employee Performance

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The present paper aims to examine and analyze: 1) the effect of farmers’ work motivation on their performance; 2) the effect of information technology on farmers’ performance; 3) the effect of farmers’ work motivation on their performance as moderated by local knowledge; and 4) the effect of information technology utilization on farmers’ performance as moderated by local knowledge. Our study population comprised of all farmers registered as members of farmer association in Tirtomartani Village, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta. We adopt cluster random sampling as the sampling method and use a sample of 102 respondents. Data were collected using a four-point Likert scale and analyzed using smartPLS 3.0. The results indicate that: 1) work motivation had a positive effect on farmers’ performance; 2) utilization of information technology had a positive effect on farmers’ performance; 3) local knowledge did not moderate the relationship between work motivation and farmers’ performance; and 4) local knowledge moderated the relationship between utilization of information technology and farmers’ performance.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.038
Keywords: Work motivation, Utilization of information technology, Local knowledge, Farmers’ performance

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The present paper attempts to analyse the effect of organizational climate on organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), as well as the effect of OCB on turnover intention. Data on organizational climate, OCB and turnover intention were obtained from a sample of 78 internal auditors of Jordanian private universities. Hypotheses were proposed and were tested using PLS-SEM, and the outcomes demonstrate the positive linkage between organizational climate and OCB. Meanwhile, OCB and turnover intention were found to have inverse linkage. Strong organizational climate should be created in Jordanian private universities since it improves and predicts OCB. OCB will in turn cause turnover intention to decrease among internal auditors. With the use of PLS-SEM method, this study adds to the extant literature.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.037
Keywords: Organizational climate, OCB, Turnover intention, Internal auditors, Jordan

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Human Resource Management (HRM) has the capacity of influencing the organizational behavior of the employees, thereby ensuring the achievement of the competitive advantage. This study proposes to assess the relationship between human resources (HR) practices and competitive advantage. It is also intended to test organizational commitment as a mediator, between HR practices and competitive advantage among the employees of the private universities in Jordan. The data were gathered from 232 individuals employed at ten private universities located in Jordan. PLS, SEM was performed on the data, using the SmartPLS 3 software. HRM practices result in a statistically significant variation in competitive advantage. Relationship of HRM practices and competitive advantage was partially mediated by organizational commitment. HRM practices resulted in a statistically significant variation in and organizational commitment. Our findings contribute to the existing body of literature of how organizational commitment can mediate the relationships among the HR practices adopted by organizations and competitive advantage. Jordanian private universities should improvise extra attention over HR practices that contribute positively toward the performance of employees.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.036
Keywords: Organizational commitment, HRM, HRM practices, Competitive advantage, Private universities

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Cheating is not new in an academic line, but a continuous problem faced by educators. Many studies reported an increase trend of cheating among students from secondary or tertiary institutions from time to time. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the connection between subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, attitude, and intention to cheat among undergraduate students. Also, the variable of justification to cheat is assigned as moderator variable in this relationship. The paper used a survey method for data collection, administered both in electronic and paper form. The Structural equation model with partial least square (PLS-SEM) was utilized to evaluate the data obtained from 917 undergraduate students in one of the public universities in Malaysia. The results provided support that justification, alongside subjective norms, perceived behavioral control were valid predictors of intention to cheat. However, attitude was significant with the intention to cheat. Further, the findings showed that among the three constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior, justification could only significantly moderate the perceived behavioral control-intention to cheat relationship. The study was only conducted at one public university in Malaysia. Researchers are recommended to further examine the model in other universities and other countries. Implications for implementing strict anti-academic dishonesty policy and research are discussed.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.035
Keywords: Intention to cheat, Attitude, Perceived behavioral control, Subjective norms, Attitude, Justification

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the way firms do business and changing it quickly. At the present time, there is an urgent need to restructure many activities within companies, including the redesign of cost systems to accommodate the negative effects resulting from this disease. This paper aims to examine the impact of certain environmental factors on cost system design (product diversity and relevant cost information) which has been examined by previous studies. It is important to research this topic again and to suggest other factors (technological changes and triggered exception operational losses) resulting from changing operational style after the worldwide spread of COVID-19. The empirical results indicate that the cost system design applied in industrial corporations listed on the Amman Stock Exchange is positively affected by technological changes, triggered exception operational losses, and relevant cost information, while no relationship was found with product diversity.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.034
Keywords: Environmental Factors, Cost System Design, Industrial Corporations, Amman Stock Exchange

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Few studies have explored the stakeholder conflict from the perspective of hotelier and/or travel agency; however, this study has aimed to investigate stakeholder conflict from the perspective of guests, and its effects on guests’ satisfaction and behavioral intentions while ex-amine mediating factor of guests ’perceived value, which has not been examined empirically before. Since no scale could be found that measures guests’ perceived stakeholder conflict fac-tors (PSCF) arose from unsatisfactory relationship between accommodation establishments and tour operators/travel agencies, this study conceptualized PSCF and developed a scale for assessing this conflict and its outcomes. Through careful instrument development process, four sub-dimensions and 17 items of PSCF were identified. Thereafter, the study empirically tested the conceptual model by conducting survey study to collect data. The mediation effects obtained indicated that guests ‘perceived value mediated the effects of the PSCF on guest satisfaction and behavioral intentions associated with the accommodation businesses. The in-strument is demonstrated to have good suitability, validity, and reliability. Applying the scale of PSCF enabled the identification of the two consequences of guests' satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Limitations, recommendations for future research and managerial implications are provided.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.033
Keywords: Conflict, Accommodation establishments, Tour operators/ travel agencies, Guests’ perception, Scale development, Perceived value, Guests’ satisfaction, Behavioral intentions

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Training and development have been applied in many aspects for organization performance. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between training and development and organizational performance. In addition, the study also analyzes the influence of organizational culture as a mediator in the relationship between training and development and organizational performance. The data are analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. IBM Statistical Package for the social sciences software (IBM-SPSS) version 23 and Smart Partial Least Square (SmartPLS) version 4.3 were used to evaluate the hypotheses of the study. The survey of the study involved 219 employees in courier service organizations in Malaysia. The finding of the study shows that there was a positive relationship between training and development and organizational performance. Furthermore, the finding also reveals that organization culture mediate the relationship between training and development and organization performance. Hence organizations should consistently train and develop their employees through formal and informal training programs as well as encourage employees to embrace organizational culture and values as well as cultivate the core values of organizational culture amongst employees to strengthen and improve organizational performance.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.032
Keywords: Training and Development, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: As social media becomes influential in our daily life, successful adoption of it may act as a motivating factor to achieve entrepreneurial outcomes such as entrepreneurial intention, the most reliable indicator of actions toward entrepreneurial behavior. Although numerous studies found personality as a strong determinant of entrepreneurial intention, the focus was on broad personality constructs such as the Big Five, rather than specific ones that may predict entrepreneurial outcomes better. Based on the concept of entrepreneurial intentionality and entrepreneurial networking, social media technology acceptance that includes perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use social media, is proposed to mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial personality and entrepreneurial intention. Using a sample of 261 college students and SEM analysis, significant positive direct and indirect influences were found.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.031
Keywords: Entrepreneurial personality, Entrepreneurial intention, Technology acceptance model, Social media, Entrepreneurial networking

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: SMEs play a critical role for the economic growth of nations by providing the opportunity for individuals to develop their skills and to be self-employed. SMEs are flexible and are able to quickly acclimatize to the factors affecting supply and demand. In todays’ rapidly changing business environment, SMEs are faced with difficult challenges to effectively implement the practices that are frequently adopted by larger business rivals. This study will discuss the concept of entrepreneurial orientation, innovation performance, and learning orientation in the context of SMEs in Kuwait. This study assumes that Entrepreneurial Orientation has both direct and indirect impacts on Innovation Performance (IP) through the mediating role of learning orientation. This study used quantitative methods to investigate and test the hypothesis that the association of entrepreneurial orientation with innovation performance was mediated by learning orientation. The target population in the present study is the owners and CEOs of SMEs in Kuwait, and the stratified random sampling method was used to select 221 participants. This study used a structured questionnaire containing close ended questions to gather the data. The data was analyzed using the partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Results of the analysis show that learning orientation played a partial mediating role in the association of entrepreneurial orientation with innovation performance.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.030
Keywords: Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO), Learning Orientation (LO), Innovation Performance (IP), Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This study aims to examine the effect of relationship value and test the moderating effect of relationship age on performance in a manufacturer-retailer relationship. Relationship value is identified from four dimensions – personal, financial, knowledge, and strategic value, each of which is indicated in different outcomes. This research presents a new taxonomy that can be used for manufacturers from retailers' perceptions of what counts as relationship value. Furthermore, this study explores the effect of relationship age on the relationship value and performance. Data were collected from 259 retailers from paint and chemical stores in Indonesia, through a structured questionnaire, and collected quantitative data were analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM). The analysis of the sample suggests a positive relation-ship between relationship value and performance. This research shows the impact of relation-ship age into a short-term and long-term relationship. Relationship age did not strengthen the positive relationship between relationship value and performance. Findings suggest that manufacturers should invest more time and effort in relationship value drivers with their key retailers to enhance their relationships with those retailers.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.029
Keywords: Relationship value, Performance, Relationship age, Channel relationship, Retailer

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Since consumer’s needs, wants, and preferences establish a cornerstone for developing new products, this research aims to determine the effect of hedonic shopping motivations of Jordanian youth’s fashion leadership behavior through a social psychology approach. Based on the diffusion and human motivations theories, six hedonic shopping motivations have been examined: (1) value shopping motivations; (2) gratification shopping motivations; (3) idea shopping motivations; (4) adventure shopping motivations; (5) social shopping motivations; and (6) role shopping motivations. A self-administered questionnaire has been developed to collect data from the research sample comprising 500 students from four private universities in Amman. Results showed that fashion leadership behavior is significantly related only to four hedonic shopping motivations: value shopping motivations, idea shopping motivations, social shopping motivations; and role shopping motivations, whereas gratification and adventure shopping motivations were found to not have a significant impact on leadership behavior. Research recommendations and future research were also discussed.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.028
Keywords: Leadership Behavior, Hedonic Shopping Motivations, Retailers, Fashion, Jordan

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This research aims to investigate the impact of school efficiency on student development and sheds light on the way that top-universities enhance students’ knowledge, skills, health, and psychological development. Through interviewing and sending online questionnaires to over 2000 students from 5 top universities in Vietnam based on Ranking Web of Universities, the research results suggest the significant influence of school-related factors, student demographic factors, and students’ personality on student development. Specifically, teaching quality has a positive relationship with all dependent variables except for psychosocial development. The results also illustrate that school facilities positively relate to students’ satisfaction but negatively associate with their academic performance. Additionally, the research points out that boys have better psychological, mental, and physical development than girls do. At the same time, students with lower schoolyear tend to have a higher level of studying satisfaction. Furthermore, the impact of personality, including openness, conscientiousness, and extraversion, on student development is remarkable due to their significant positive connections with all five dependent variables. On the other hand, agreeable students appear to have less psychological development than those in other personality groups.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.027
Keywords: Quality Function Deployment, School training, Vietnam

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of transformational leadership on employee performance via job satisfaction in telecommunication sector, Jordan. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 278 employees. Structural equation modeling (SEM) via The Analysis of Moment Structures, i.e., IBM AMOS 22 was applied to test hypotheses. The findings show that transformational leadership was significantly and positively associated with both job satisfaction and employee performance. Furthermore, job satisfaction had a significant relationship with employee performance. Consequently, the results underlined a significant mediation effect of job satisfaction in the interaction between transformational leadership and employee performance. This research provides empirical evidence of the interaction between transformational leadership, job satisfaction and employee performance in a key industry in a developing country, Jordan. Finally, this study was conducted in telecommunication sector in a developing country, Jordan, therefore, the results cannot be generalized across countries.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.026
Keywords: Transformational leadership, Job satisfaction, Employee performance, Telecommunication sector, Jordan

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Employees being prolific in the workplace is equally essential to survive in the global job market. The study projected to identify various driving factors of employee creativity and proposed a theoretical model and further investigated the impact of independent variables on employee innovation. Using the survey questionnaire, primary data from 246 small and medium enterprises (SME) employees of Saudi Arabian organization was collected. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) underlined the identified determinants into six causal factors namely training and brainstorming session (TBS), employee recognition and reward (ERR), resources and fund allocation (RFA), employee competencies (EC), workplace environment (WE) and management support (MS). Subsequently, multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of these factors on employee innovation (EI). Findings showed the regression model was significant and explained 84.2% of the variance on the dependent variable. Also, all six constructs resulted significant positive relationships with EI. Results showed EC has the highest positive relation with EI. The study demonstrated a better working environment, collaboration, team spirit, work autonomy, and morale will reinforce creativity with the support of management and allocation of resources and funds. Lack of these elements will ruin the work culture and thereby the workplace innovation. Though the results are presented from a small group and with no generalization, the study sheds light on many employees in creating a competitive edge and flourish with new opportunities by encountering uncertainties using new approaches at work. The findings are consistent and the study reconfirms the literature. The study also provides some indirect inferences to organizational human resource (HR) policymakers. Further, the limitations and future research scope were also well demonstrated.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.025
Keywords: Employee creativity, Workplace innovation, Workplace environment, Employee productivity, Employee competencies

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the effect of overtime, job stress, and workload on turnover intention. This is a quantitative study with a sample collection method using a purposive sampling in PT. Ungaran Sari Garmen, Indonesia. Data collection was carried out by the method of observation, documentation, and questionnaires. The data obtained were then processed and analyzed with ordinary least square regression model. The results show that overtime, job stress, and workload significantly affected the turnover intention. Adjusted R2 value of this study was 0.776, which means overtime, job stress, and workload explained the turnover intention of 77.6%, and 22.4% was influenced by other variables.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.024
Keywords: Overtime, Job Stress, Workload, Turnover Intention

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The research objective is to analyze the effect of women's empowerment, bricolage, and entrepreneurial orientation, in improving business performance and life satisfaction perceived by women entrepreneurs through subjective well-being. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling and data collection methods through non-behavioral observation, structured interviews, and in-depth interviews. The research data were sourced from primary data through questionnaires and interviews and used a sample of 113 weaving entrepreneurs in Bali Province. Data analysis techniques with descriptive statistics and Structural Equations Model using Partial Least Square. The results showed that: women's empowerment and entrepreneurial orientation influences business networks. Entrepreneurial orientation, business networks and bricolage have a significant effect on business performance. Empowering women has no significant effect on business performance. But overall, women's empowerment, entrepreneurial orientation, business networks and business performance have a significant effect on subjective well-being. Bricolage strengthens the role of women's empowerment in the business performance of weaving owners. The positive influence of women's empowerment and entrepreneurial orientation through business networks on business performance and subjective well-being. Business performance mediates the influence of women's empowerment, entrepreneurial orientation, and business networks on subjective well-being.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.023
Keywords: Woman entrepreneur, Subjective well-being, Local wisdom

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Employees working in the financial industry, especially banking staff, suffers from strong occupational stress. This study aims to demonstrate the impact of occupational stress on job satisfaction and job performance of banking credit officers. Research data were collected from 290 bank credit officers working in the commercial banking system in Vietnam. Structural Equation Modeling was applied to analyze the data. The study finds that occupational stress negatively affects job satisfaction and job performance. Besides, job satisfaction has a positive impact on employees’ performance. The research result is a helpful tool for bank managers and employees to control work pressure as well as improve job satisfaction and work outcomes.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.022
Keywords: Occupational stress, Satisfaction, Performance, Bank

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This study aims to review the factors which influence the form of green advertising and their impacts on green awareness improvement. The study is conducted with 200 students from Indonesia and Malaysia as respondents. Data from respondents is obtained through a questionnaire, and it is analyzed by two stages, which are confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model. It emphasizes the results conducted two research hypotheses based on the t-value. The research results state that respondents’ point of view associated with the media of green advertising was different between Indonesia and Malaysia, but the issue used in green advertising had similarities. It has known that green advertising is advertising media, which is formed from three dimensions; namely green theme, green impact, and green message. Furthermore, it is found that green advertising had an impact on green awareness improvement. The finding of this research is useful for a company that uses green marketing strategy, considering the factors assumed to be important from green advertising to improve customer green awareness on environmentally friendly products.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.021
Keywords: Green Advertising, Green Awareness, Confirmatory Factor Analysis

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has received a great deal of attention among researchers recently given the practical importance and its implication for the organizations. Building on a theoretical framework that links characteristics of leader and perception of individuals and their work settings to organizational commitment (OC) and citizenship behavior, the objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual leadership, job attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior among lecturers at Islamic University. A cross-sectional design was used to meet the objectives set. Data were collected through the administration of questionnaires to 170 lecturers from Islamic University in Malang. Data were collected through 5 questionnaires in which participants completed measures of spiritual leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and OCBs. Results showed that one of the seven hypotheses proposed was rejected in this study. The results of structural equation modeling indicated a direct effect between spiritual leadership and OCB, and an indirect effect of organizational commitment on the relationship between spiritual leadership and job satisfaction toward OCB. The implications of these findings, as well as directions for future research, are addressed.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.020
Keywords: Spiritual Leadership, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Citizenship Behavior

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to analyze the effects of Transformational Leadership, Power Distance and Followership on the Capability of Officers' Decision Making in Kostrad. The research method used is the survey method which is taken from 293 respondents and associative research explanations using the quantitative research. The study uses path analysis as the data analysis techniques. The results of the study show that (1) Transformational Leadership had a direct positive effect in Decision Making Capabilities, (2) Power Distance had a direct positive effect in Decision Making Capabilities, (3) Followership had a direct positive effect in Decision Making Capabilities, (4) Transformational leadership had a direct positive in Followership, (5) Power Distance had a direct positive effect in Followership, (6) Transformational leadership had a direct positive effect in Decision Making Capabilities had a direct positive effect in Power Distance, (7) Transformational leadership did not have any effect through the Power Distance mediation variable, (8) Transformational leadership had a positive indirect effect in Decision Making Capabilities through mediation in Followership variables. (9) Power Distance had an indirect positive effect in Decision Making Capabilities through mediation in Followership variables.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.019
Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Power Distance, Followership, Decision making ability of Kostrad officers

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This research paper aims to find out the impact of entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial training on the performance of women entrepreneurs in Indonesia by considering the moderating role of personal characteristics. A quantitative research method has been adopted in this research. The instrument used for collecting primary data was a Likert-scale based survey questionnaire which included close-ended questions. A sample of 376 women was drawn from the population. The statistical analysis has been carried out via Smart PLS where structural equation modelling has been used. There are different techniques used to effectively interpret the data and test the hypothesis of the research paper including confirmatory factor analysis, discriminant validity, and path analysis. The current study confirms that there is a significant and positive impact of entrepreneurial education on the performance of women entrepreneurs. However, the study contradicts the findings of the prior studies when it was determined that there had been no significant impact of entrepreneurial training on the performance of women entrepreneurs in the context of the Indonesian entrepreneurial sector. The moderating effect of personal characteristics for this research was found to be insignificant.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.018
Keywords: Entrepreneurial education, Entrepreneurial training, Training and education, Personal characteristics, Entrepreneurs, Women entrepreneurs, Indonesia

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Involving industry in the implementation of Vocational High School (VHS) policy not only provides knowledge into business needs, but also allows industries to affect strategies and programs for learning and teaching across the VHS overall. This study suggests that external learning contributes to the instructional agility, and product innovation efficacy, resulting in VHS performance. The research examines the analysis of structural equation modelling (SEM) based on empirical data gathered from 129 Vocational High Schools in Bali Province, Indonesia. The research attempts to focus specifically on how instructional agility, and product innovation efficacy mediates the influence of external learning on VHS performance in Indonesia. The study shows that external learning has no impact on VHS performance, while it indirectly improves the VHS performance through all of instructional agility, and product innovation efficacy.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.017
Keywords: External Learning, Instructional Agility, Product Innovation Efficacy, VHS performance, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), Vocational High School (VHS)

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the effect of both adaptive strategic planning and entrepreneurial intensity on business performance and to scrutinise the indirect effect of these constructs on performance through both market orientation and innovation, in the setting of Indonesian SMEs. The sample for this study was drawn together using purposive sampling. One hundred and eighty-six entrepreneurs participated in this study. The data was analysed using Partial Least Square. The results of this study show that in order to enhance business performance, practitioners should pay attention to their strategic planning. The more adaptive their strategic planning, the more likely to have higher business performance. Moreover, the entrepreneurial intensity that is held by the entrepreneurs will also enhance their business performance. In addition, innovation also plays an important role in enhancing business performance. Innovation is proven to be a mediating variable between adaptive strategic planning and entrepreneurial intensity related to business performance. This study closes the gaps related to the re-development of the concept of adaptive strategic planning that has not been widely explored in the area of strategic management and entrepreneurship. This study also can be categorised as a comprehensive study that integrates entrepreneurial intensity as one of the internal factors affecting business performance. The study contributes to the theory by showing that innovation is a mediator, mediating the effect of both adaptive strategic planning and entrepreneurial intensity on business performance. From the practical standpoint, this study suggests that adaptive strategic planning formulated by SMEs as well as the owners’ entrepreneurial intensity are the major elements in enhancing business performance. Thus, to have a good business performance, SMEs should focus on their strategy and create an entrepreneurial spirit.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.016
Keywords: Adaptive strategic planning, Entrepreneurial intensity, Innovation, Market orientation, Business performance

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Customer retention (CR) has become increasingly important due to high competition among hotels and countries. However, most of previous studies focus on this variable in the context of restaurants. This study aims to examine the factors that affect the CR among customers of five-star hotels in Jordan. Based on the literature, the study proposes that physical environment (PE), customer satisfaction (CS), service quality (SQ), and perceived consumption value (PCV) will affect the CR. In addition, the study proposes that hotel perceived value (HPV) will mediate the effects between the variable. The population of this study is the hotels in Amman, the capital of Jordan. Using a random sampling technique, a total of 301 responses are collected from seven brands. The findings indicated that PE, SQ, PCV, and CS were important predictors of CR. The findings also show that HPV mediated partially the effect of PE and SQ on CR while a full mediator was found between CS and CR. Decision makers are advised to improve the PE and the HPV.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.015
Keywords: Customer Retention, Customer Satisfaction, Physical environment, Service Quality

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This study aims to examine the influence of organizational culture on job satisfaction through knowledge sharing. The sample in this study totaled 259 lecturers, 50 groups of study programs at 27 universities. Hypothesis testing uses Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). The results show that organizational culture had a significant positive effect on knowledge sharing, knowledge sharing had a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, and organizational culture had a positive and significant effect on satisfaction directly or indirectly.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.014
Keywords: Linear Model Hierarchy (LMH), Job Satisfaction, Knowledge Sharing, Multilevel Analysis, Organizational Culture

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The quaternary business sector growth, as an up-to-date form of service, has long been considered harmless to the environment, and is separated from the industrial and manufacturing sectors which are considered to have a direct effect on environmental sustainability. This is because quaternary business is generally considered to have intangible and experience-based services that are considered not to have real consequences on the environment. This study seeks to examine the role of environmental staff in efforts to manage hotels in Batam Indonesia. Furthermore, the study seeks to explore the use of human resources to improve environmental performance in the hospitality business in Batam. Some key aspects of the HR study, such as compensation and leadership, were tested in this study. The method used is a quantitative approach with a sample of 150 respondents environmental management staff. Analysis of research data is based on path analysis through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results show that there was a significant and positive direct influence between work ability, leadership, and compensation on motivation of environmental staff. Subsequent results show an indirect effect of work skills, leadership, and compensation on performance through motivational mediation variables. The originality of this study lies on its efforts to emphasize that the hospitality business should also be considered a business that has an effect on the environment, and the exploration of this study that brings the perspective of HR in improving environmental performance in the implementation of environmentally friendly businesses. The study underscores the importance of standardized environmental management in starred hotel management. In addition, the study offers originality that various forms of appreciation and increased motivation affect not only on improving business performance, but also on environmental performance in managing hospitality services.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.013
Keywords: Work ability, Leadership, Compensation, Motivation, Performance, Environmental management, Hospitality industry

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The implementation of regional autonomy has implications for the transfer of authority between the center and the regions in various fields. The existence of regional autonomy will result in decentralization which involves the management of regional finances, economic planning, including arranging regional development programs and other plans delegated from the center to the regions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth and the index of human development in districts and cities in North Maluku Province. The population of this study consisted of 7 districts and 2 cities. The data is secondary data for the period 2011 to 2015, sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) Jakarta, districts and cities in North Maluku Province, published. The collected data were analyzed using path analysis techniques using the SPSS program package. The results of the study indicate that the effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth had a positive path coefficient with a level of probability which was not significant. This shows that hypothesis one which states that fiscal decentralization has a significant effect on the economic growth of districts and cities in North Maluku Province. These results suggest that the higher the fiscal decentralization, the higher the economic growth. The effect of fiscal decentralization on the human development index has a positive path coefficient with a significant level of probability. This implies that the higher the fiscal decentralization, the higher the human development index. The effect of economic growth on the human development index has a positive coefficient with a significant level of probability. These results indicate that the higher the economic growth, the higher the index of human development.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.012
Keywords: Fiscal decentralization, Economic growth, Human development index

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: It may be queried why highly-qualified and skilled employees are allowed to leave their organizations. This study aims to determine the main factors affecting employee retention and how employee retention affects organizational performance in the commercial banking sector in Jordan. The employee retention drivers that are discussed in this study include economic security, psychological security, affiliation, and self-actualization factors. The researchers use a questionnaire as a research instrument to collect the primary data from employees using the simple random sampling technique. SEM-SPLS is used to analyze the collected data, to test the study model and the proposed hypotheses. The findings reveal that economic, psychological, affiliation, and self-actualization factors affected employee retention. The paper also discusses the study's theoretical and practical implications.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.011
Keywords: Employee Retention, Psychological Security, Economic Security, Affiliation, Self-actualization, Banking sector, Organization Performance, Jordan

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This paper aims to explore the influence of Accounting Information System (AIS) success or effectiveness factors namely system quality, information quality, service quality and training quality on the organizational benefits of listed Jordanian firms using a DeLone and McLean Information System (IS) success model. To achieve the purpose of this research, the collected data of 117 Chief Finance Officer (CFO) who are operating in the listed Jordanian firms that had already implemented AIS was analyzed via Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the research model. The results show that information quality, service quality and training quality had positive and a significant contribution on the organizational benefits. However, system quality did not have any significant impact on the organi-zational benefits in context of this research. Lastly, the implications of these results for both researchers and practitioners were discussed at the end of this paper.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.010
Keywords: Accounting Information System, AIS effectiveness, DeLone and McLean Model, Organizational Benefits, Training Quality

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the relationship among sport experiential quality, club image, spectator satisfaction, subjective well-being, and spectator loyalty in the context of the Indonesian professional soccer industry. In addition, this study determines the mediating role of club image, spectator satisfaction, and subjective well-being in the relationship between sport experiential quality and spectator loyalty. To answer the research objectives, this study employed an explanatory research approach. Self-administered questionnaire was distributed among 250 samples recruited from several professional soccer matches in East-Java Province during Indonesia Soccer League (ISL) 2019. Data were analyzed by Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique. The results indicate that sport experiential quality did not have any significant direct effect on spectator loyalty. However, spectator experiential quality significantly affected club image, spectator satisfaction, and subjective well-being. While spectator experiential quality did not have a direct effect on spectator loyalty, the results also show that club image, subjective well-being, and spectator satisfaction had significant positive effects on spectator loyalty. Apart from the direct effect, this study indicate that subjective well-being, club image, and spectator satisfaction mediated the effect of spectator experiential quality on spectator loyalty.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.009
Keywords: Experience quality, Club image, Satisfaction, Subjective well-being, Spectator loyalty,

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This study aims to investigate several factors that influence the behavioral intentions of full-service airlines’ passengers in the air transportation industry in Indonesia. The possibility that consumers have behavioral intentions will be characterized by intention to repurchase, desire to provide recommendations to others, and have a willingness to pay a premium price. Some factors that are considered to influence behavioral intentions, both directly and indirectly, are service quality, brand credibility, and brand experience. Respondents in this study were select-ed based on purposive sampling with the criteria that the respondents were full-service passengers who were willing to fill out a questionnaire.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.008
Keywords: Service quality, Brand experience, Brand credibility, Behavioral intention

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to analyze the conceptualization of religiosity and spirituality, as well as to validate the measurement and influence of both constructs on frugality. The importance of this study is to find out whether religious and spiritual individuals have a high of frugality. Frugality as a form of self-control, in the long term can create the welfare of consumers. This is a quantitative research that uses a survey method. The sample, comprising of 539 adults, was taken from the general public. A validation of the construct measurements was done by using an exploratory factor analysis, and a data analysis was carried out by using a multiple regression. The research results reveal that there are differences between religiosity and spirituality. The hypotheses results disclose that there was an insignificant influence of religiosity on frugality, while spirituality had a significant influence on frugality. Testing was also done by classifying the sample based on gender. In the sample of women, it was discovered that religiosity had a significant influence on frugality. Meanwhile, in the sample of men, only spirituality had a significant influence on frugality. It is concluded that the effect of religiosity on frugality was moderated by gender.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.007
Keywords: Religiosity, Spirituality, Frugality

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Creative industries are developing rapidly in Bandung, one of which is the culinary industry. Besides fashion, culinary becomes one of the attractions for tourists visiting Bandung. Even though it is proliferating, only a portion of this culinary business can last more than five years. Intense competition is one of the reasons, and now businesses must face economic problems caused by the spread of the SARS CoV 2 virus. Since the beginning of March, the government has closed offices, shopping centers, and schools. Now, after more than two months, businesses must prepare to reopen their businesses in conditions of an outbreak that have not entirely disappeared. One effort that can be done is to maintain company performance. This research studies the improvement of company performance by being oriented to innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurship. The results of the study revealed that product innovation and process innovation could support company performance while innovation could emerge through an entrepreneurial mindset, culture, leadership, and through creativity.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.006
Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Innovation, Creativity, Organization performance

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Employee engagement has become an emergent topic in recent years among consulting firms and in the popular business press. Many researchers have claimed that employee engagement predicts employee outcomes (e.g. job satisfaction, intentions to quit); closely linked to employees’ innovation; behavior organizational success; and financial performance (e.g. total shareholder return). However, as far as we know, the role of the leader in fostering work engagement has received limited research attention. Furthermore, most extant researches studied the effect of transformational leadership on employee engagement have been for developed economies and the role of transformational leadership and employee engagement in transitional economies such as Vietnam is still unclear. To fill the research gap above, we take advantage of Vietnam’s transitional status to indicate the significant role of psychological empowerment in the circumstance of mediating role between transformational leadership and employee engagement.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.005
Keywords: Psychological Empowerment, Transformational Leadership, Employee Engagement

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Based on arguments of the social exchange theory (SET) and person-organization fit (P-O Fit), the environment can affect personality expression through behaviors and human perception of the environment. This research develops and tests two key assumptions: (1) individuals with proactive personality (PP) show proactive behavior (PB), particularly problem preven-tion behavior (PrP), through person-organization value congruence (POV), and person-supervisor value congruence (PSV); (2) the strength of the process of demonstrating problem prevention behavior depends on the perceived organizational support (POS) of the staff. Survey results from 715 employees and supervisors at hospitals in Vietnam show that (1) POV and PSV have an intermediary role between PP and PrP, (2) Intermediate effects of POV and PSV in the relationship between PP and PrP are moderated by POS. Specifically, the intermediate effect of POV, PSV is stronger for employees with high POS and lower for employees with lower POS. These findings provide a new perspective on understanding mechanisms to enhance employee’s PrP. As a result, the theoretical, practical implications and limitations of the study are also discussed.

DOI: 10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.004
Keywords: Proactive personality, Person-organization value congruence, Person-supervisor value congruence, Perceived organizational support, Problem prevention behavior

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)