A green and efficient microwave-assisted one-pot multicomponent strategy was developed for the synthesis of novel trifluoromethyl coumarin-based 4H-pyran hybrids using freshly extracted lemon juice as a natural biocatalyst. The reaction of 7-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin, malononitrile, and various aromatic/heteroaromatic aldehydes in an ethanol:water (1:1) medium under microwave irradiation afforded a series of 2-amino-8-oxo-4-aryl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-4,8-dihydropyrano[3,2-g]chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives (4a-p) in excellent yields (86-94%) within 4-8 min. Optimization studies identified lemon juice (5 mL) under 300 W microwave irradiation as the most effective and environmentally benign catalytic system. Kinetic studies revealed pseudo-first-order behaviour, confirming the high efficiency of the lemon juice-microwave protocol. All synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, ¹⁹F-NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Biological screening demonstrated promising antibacterial and antifungal activities, with compounds (4l), (4m), and (4i) exhibiting the highest potency and MIC values comparable to standard drugs against selected microbial strains. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that electron-withdrawing substituents on the aryl ring significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity. Overall, this sustainable methodology offers rapid access to biologically relevant fluorinated heterocycles and identifies promising lead molecules for the development of new antimicrobial agents.

Cladanthus scariosus, a Moroccan endemic medicinal plant used in traditional phytotherapy, remains poorly characterized with respect to its phytochemical composition and biological activities. This study reports, for the first time, the phytochemical profile and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of extracts obtained by Soxhlet extraction using solvents of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and methanol). The chloroform extract exhibited the highest extraction yield (6.01 ± 0.66% w/dw), whereas the ethyl acetate extract showed the lowest yield (0.74 ± 0.10% w/dw). The methanolic, butanolic, and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest total phenolic contents, while the hexane extract showed the highest total flavonoid content. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, quinones, anthraquinone glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins, with marked variations among extracts depending on solvent polarity. The butanolic extract displayed the strongest DPPH (IC50 = 0.032 ± 0.002 mg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 0.033 ± 0.001 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities, while the chloroform extract exhibited the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP; EC50 = 0.013 ± 0.002 mg/mL). The highest total antioxidant capacity was recorded for the ethyl acetate extract (151.74 ± 11.90 μg AAE/mg extract). The methanolic extract exhibited the strongest β-carotene bleaching inhibition (IC50 = 0.017 ± 0.004 mg/mL), whereas the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 0.023 ± 0.008 mg/mL). This study provides a foundation for future bioactivity-guided isolation of active compounds and highlights the pharmaceutical and food application potential of this endemic Moroccan species.

"Resorcin[4]arenes are an important class of supramolecular macrocycles possessing remarkable host-guest recognition properties and broad pharmacological potential. In the present study, a novel series of resorcin[4]arene-thymine acetic acid hybrid derivatives (6a–k) was synthesized through an efficient coupling strategy employing microwave-assisted synthesis and DCC/DMAP-mediated esterification. All synthesized compounds were purified by column chromatography and comprehensively characterized using FT‑IR, ¹H‑NMR, ¹³C‑NMR, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antitubercular, and antioxidant activities. Several compounds exhibited promising biological profiles, particularly compounds 6b, 6f, and 6j, which demonstrated significant antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Molecular docking studies against PDB targets 4N0K and 2H6S revealed favourable binding interactions and strong binding affinities, especially for compound 6b. The results indicate that these resorcin[4]arene-thymine hybrids may serve as promising lead molecules for the development of novel supramolecular therapeutic agents.

A preparatively convenient methodology for the synthesis of new 1-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-7-carboxylates is presented, which includes a sequence of consecutive transformations: N-alkylation of available pyrrole-3-carboxylates with 2-azidoethyl methanesulfonate, subsequent selective reduction of the obtained 1-(2-azidoethyl)pyrrole-3-carboxylates to 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrole-3-carboxylates, and further intramolecular aza-Friedel–Crafts reaction under the action of aldehydes. Corresponding partially hydrogenated pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-7-carboxylic acids were synthesized by alkaline hydrolysis of 1-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-7-carboxylates and 3,4-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-7-carboxylates obtained from them by oxidation with PIDA. It was shown that hydrolysis of 1-trifluoro(difluoro)methyl-3,4-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-7-carboxylates is accompanied by dehydrofluorination and aromatization of the pyrazine ring. An in silico evaluation of the potential bioactivity of the synthesized esters and acids was carried out.

Heterocyclic compounds represent essential structural motifs in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, natural products, and functional materials. Among various synthetic approaches, organoboron compounds, particularly boronic acids and related organoboron reagents, have emerged as versatile building blocks owing to their high chemical stability, low toxicity, and excellent functional-group tolerance. In combination with transition metal catalysts, these reagents enable the efficient construction of diverse heterocyclic frameworks through C–C and C–heteroatom bond-forming transformations. This review summarizes recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed heterocycle synthesis using boronic acid-based reagents, with particular emphasis on catalytic systems, reaction mechanisms, and synthetic applications. Emerging sustainable strategies, including photocatalytic, electrochemical, and heterogeneous catalytic approaches, are also discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of boronic acid-enabled transition metal catalysis for heterocyclic synthesis are highlighted.

Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is a cornerstone for verifying drug loading in nanocarriers, polymeric matrices, and formulated granules. However, researchers frequently encounter the disappearance of characteristic drug peaks in the composite spectra, often leading to misinterpretations regarding loading success. This paper critically examines the physicochemical mechanisms behind this phenomenon, including signal masking by dominant substrate bands, crystalline-to-amorphous transitions, and deep encapsulation beyond the penetration depth of ATR-FT-IR. We propose a paradigm shift in spectral interpretation: the absence of discrete drug peaks does not imply loading failure; rather, subtle alterations in the substrate's spectral signature such as shifts, broadening, or intensity variations might serve as proxies for successful functionalization.

A method for the synthesis of diethyl 4-(1-aryl-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylates was developed via a modified Hantzsch three-component cyclocondensation. High structural similarity to known lead antitubercular agents was found using Tanimoto coefficients. In silico screening through molecular docking were performed on key enzymes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including DprE1, InhA, MmpL3, PknB, and DNA gyrase. The results suggested that the synthesized compounds exhibited high affinity for these targets, particularly for PknB and InhA. Furthermore, predicted ADME-Tox parameters and BOILED-Egg profiling suggests high gastrointestinal absorption and favourable drug-likeness. The findings indicate the potential of these pyrazole-substituted dihydropyridines for further development as antitubercular agents.

Adsorption isotherm of fenitrothion and thiobencarb were significantly greater on humic acid (HA) fraction followed by clay fraction compared to that on bulk soils of clay soil and sandy clay loam soil. The different adsorbents (HA fraction, clay fraction and bulk soil) of clay soil were more adsorbed fenitrothion and thiobencarb than the adsorbents of sandy clay loam soil. Adsorption capacity of soil mineral fractions can be arranged for fenitrothion and thiobencarb in the order; clay > silt > sand fraction, it is attributed to their difference in surface area. Using the soil fraction contribution in adsorption, data of the soil analysis and Karickhoff model, it was discovered that, at all different initial concentrations of fenitrothion and thiobencarb, the total prospective contribution of the various constituents together was substantially higher than what was actually adsorbed on bulk soil. Mean of actual amounts for fenitrothion adsorbed on the bulk soil was 33.65% for clay soil and 24.28% for sandy clay loam soil. Also, mean of actual amounts for thiobencarb adsorbed on the clay soil was 30.87% and on sandy soil was 16.62%. It's possible that certain active sites on clay and HA fractions were inactive during adsorption because they were occluded by other substances. Because the clay fraction (fclay) is larger than the organic matter (OM) fraction (fOM), it plays a significant role in the tested pesticide adsorption process. These results highlight the important function that clay minerals play in pesticide sorption because of their higher ratio to OM content.

Derivatives of 1,2-bis(thiocarbamoyl)hydrazines have attracted considerable attention due to their high synthetic potential and ability to serve as versatile precursors in the construction of various heterocyclic systems. These compounds are efficient building blocks for the synthesis of a wide range of heterocycles, including 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, triazoles, 1,3-thiazoles, dithiadiazepines, 1,3,4-thiadiazines, thiazepines, pyrazolo[1,2-c][1,3,4]thiadiazoles, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles, triazaphospholes, and other condensed systems. This review systematizes modern approaches to the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds based on 1,2-bis(thiocarbamoyl)hydrazines, in particular oxidative desulfurization reactions, alkylation, interactions with acids and bases, α-halocarbonyl compounds, hydrazonoyl halides, isocyanide dichlorides, ethenecarbonitriles, haloquinones, acetylenedicarboxylates, and related reagents. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the reactivity of these compounds, key synthetic strategies, and factors that determine the direction of heterocyclization reactions. The review summarizes current literature data and outlines prospects for the further application of 1,2-bis(thiocarbamoyl)hydrazines as versatile synthetic platforms in heterocyclic chemistry.

A highly efficient and green synthetic protocol was developed for the synthesis of isoxazol-5(4H)-ones through a one-pot condensation of aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of a Pumice@HClO4 catalyst under reflux conditions in water as the green solvent. Water is an inexpensive, non-flammable, environmentally benign, and non-carcinogenic solvent, making it an attractive alternative to hazardous organic solvents. The major advantages of the present method include its environmentally friendly nature, shorter reaction time, use of green solvent, and high atom economy. The Pumice@HClO4 catalyst exhibited remarkable catalytic activity for synthesis of isoxazolone derivatives. The structures of synthesized isoxazolone derivatives were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectrometry.