Abstract: This paper aims to develop a maintenance optimization model to maintain a high level of efficiency and reliability of the machinery. The methodological approach is based on preventive maintenance through the partial or total replacement of critical components. Although an intermediate intervention control, the focus is on a particular machine that has stopped several times, reducing its operational availability and resulting in a high cost of non-production. This study uses a Weibull model to analyze and optimize the correct maintenance process of the machinery considered. The failure data are then analyzed and scheduled. The final purpose is to standardize the operators' intervention procedures to reduce the time for the same interventions.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.7.003
Keywords: Maintenance, Optimization, Complex System, Decision Making, Preventive Maintenance

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: One of the major successes in the field of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) is the groundwork of the stress intensity factor (SIF) computation. The approaches used to carry out SIF values may be analytical, semi-analytical, experimental or numerical. Each one of the above methods has its own benefits however the use of numerical solutions has become the most frequent and popular. Numerous schemes for the numerical computation of SIF have been developed, the J-integral method being the most popular one. In this article we examine the SIFs of an edge cracked two dimensional (2-D) steel plate subjected to tensile loading. Extended finite element (XFEM) computational scheme has been employed to estimate the values of SIF. The SIF values of cracks with different lengths and inclination angles (different configurations) have been examined by utilizing the domain based interaction integral approach. The effect of crack inclination and crack position on SIFs (KI and KII) has also been studied. The results obtained in this study were compared with those from literature and theoretical values and observed that they are in close agreement.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.7.002
Keywords: Inclined Cracked tension plate, Mixed mode I/II, Stress intensity factors (SIFs), XFEM

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The incremental launching method (ILM) is an efficient method of bridge construction primarily suited for environmentally sensitive areas. However, during the bridge launching, there are significant contact stresses between the launching system and the steel bridge girders. These substantial contact stresses can cause damage both on, and just under, the girder surface. Although Hertz contact theory solutions may give an insight into the problem, the accuracy is uncertain due to the presence of complex geometries, loads, and material properties. The complicated structural systems need to rely on numerical modeling such as the finite element analysis which are not always available. The primary objective of this study is to estimate the relationship of the maximum contact stress between an I-girder and a roller using a nomogram. The nomogram is built based on a parametric study with various roller dimensions and loads by numerical modeling. The maximum contact stress from the nomogram can be a useful tool in designing a bridge girder on a support roller.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.7.001
Keywords: Incremental Launching Method, Contact Stress, Hertz Contact theory, Numerical Modeling, Nomogram

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: A 100% overlap double pass friction stir process technique was developed for the fabrication of AA1100/17-4 PH stainless steel composites, using an H13 tool steel cylindrical threaded pin with shoulder diameter of 21 mm, pin diameter of 7 mm and pin height of 5 mm. Grooves of 2 mm width and 3.5 mm depth were machined on the 6 mm thick AA1100 plate, where the 17-4 PH stainless steel powder was packed and compacted using a pinless tool. Friction stir processing was conducted at rotational speeds of 2100, 2450 and 2800 rpm, while the travel speed of 20 mm/min, tilt angle of 2.5° and plunge depth of 0.2 mm, were kept constant. Investigations were carried out on the microstructure, elemental composition, and tensile testing and microhardness as well as structural analysis using X-ray diffraction. Defect-free micrographs with good mechanical and metallurgical connections were obtained from all the employed process parameters. However, agglomeration of reinforcements became noticeable at 2450 and 2800 rpm. Uniform distribution of reinforcements were observed at 2100 rpm. Elemental analysis confirmed matrix and reinforcements blending and mixing. Superior SZ hardness of as high as 4 times that of the base metal were achieved, while ultimate tensile strength properties with joint efficiencies as high as 97.29% were attained at 2450 rpm. However, the percentage elongation of the fabricated samples dropped by around 10% due to the reinforcements-induced hardness. Nonetheless, the fabrications retained superior mechanical properties. All the X-ray diffractograms had 5 intense peaks with different phases and crystal planes. However, an Al syn (111) crystal plane was common to all diffractograms at around 39° 2θ range. The obtained crystallite sizes of as small as 4 nm revealed the attainment of ultrafine grains, while the observed high dislocation densities and micro strains gave an indication that the fabricated AA1100/17-4 PH stainless steel composite is of high strength.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.6.002
Keywords: AA1100/17-4 PH S-S, Attributes, Composites, Elemental, Friction Stir Processing, Mechanical, Microstructural, Structural

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The braking force of the tractor semi-trailer depends on many random factors and road parameters. Therefore, determining the braking force based on theoretical calculation or simulation is not accurate. This paper presents the method of setting up the braking force measurement system of the tractor semi-trailer on the road and constructing the braking dynamics model of the tractor semi-trailer to investigate the braking force using Matlab-Simulink software. The study results show that the average error between the simulation and experimental results of the tractor semi-trailer braking force is 9,81%.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.6.001
Keywords: Measurement system, Experiment, Simulation, Braking force, Tractor semi-trailer

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The study presented herein describes promising designs of shell vibration isolators. The feature of the proposed designs is the cut thin-walled shell usage as the main bearing link. These resilient elements have high load capacity and, on the other hand, can provide the desired level of damping. From the point of view of mechanics, shell resilient elements are considered as the deformable systems with dry friction. When simulating these systems, structurally nonlinear non-conservative mixed contact issues of cut shell – resilient body frictional interaction arise. In order to take into account all essential options of the aforementioned issues and specify shell resilient element peculiarities of behavior under operational loads, the authors used the method of laboratory experiments for research. We considered two different contact systems. The first one is a cylindrical shell cut along its generatrix, which contacts a deformable filler. The second system is a cylindrical shell with several incomplete slots interacting with the elastic filler. The stress state and radial displacements of the shells, pliability of the resilient elements, and energy dissipation in the contact systems were time-tracked. As a result, we obtained relations for monitored options of the contact bodies and deformation diagrams for different physical-mechanical and geometrical options of the systems It was found that for a fixed cycle asymmetry coefficient with an increase in the friction coefficient between the shell and the filler, the amount of energy dissipated per cycle gradually decreases. The idea of optimizing shell vibration protection devices according to the criterion of maximum absorption of energy from external influences by determining the required tribological properties of contacting pairs is declared..

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.5.003
Keywords: Contact interaction, Damping, Resilient element, Shell, Resilient body, Experiment

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The current trend in deteriorating mechanical performance of green polymeric-based materials has made it essential for designers to establish more reliable and sustainable bio-products. Here, the mechanical performance of Jordanian lignocellulosic olive fibers in polymeric-based composites has been methodically investigated. The outcomes of different reinforcement conditions on the desired mechanical performance of the olive leaf’s lignocellulosic fibers with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites have been examined, including the properties of tensile strength, tensile modulus, mechanical strain, impact strength, and the intensity per composite volume. This has been accomplished to determine the optimum reinforcement condition for the desired mechanical behavior as well as to establish the performance deterioration and enhancement trends of such bio-materials in a more consistent manner. The results signify that lignocellulosic olive fibers have exhibited various enhancements in terms of mechanical performance. Both the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity have been dramatically improved at 20 wt.% fiber content. This was the most desired reinforcement condition among all considered cases. The olive fibers also possess the capability of maintaining relatively high ductility and impact strength properties, making them suitable for various industrial applications where high ductility is necessary. Thermal stability analysis using TGA and DTG has been employed to obtain accurate results.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.5.002
Keywords: Biomaterials, Lignocellulosic fibers, Mechanical performance, Sustainability, Olive leaf, Green products

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: An existing robust three dimensional finite element based on the strain approach is presented. This element is implemented, for the first time in the commercial computer code ABAQUS, by using the subroutine (UEL), for the static and dynamic analysis of isotropic plates, whatever thin or thick. It is Baptised SBH8 (Strain Based Hexahedral with 8 nodes) and has the advantage to overcome the problems involved in numerical locking, when the thickness of the plate tends towards the smallest values. The implementation is justified by the capacities broader than offers this code, especially, in the free frequencies computation. The results obtained by the present element are better than those given by elements used by ABAQUS code and the other elements found in the literature, having the same number of nodes.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.5.001
Keywords: Strain approach, Plate bending, Implementation, SBH8, ABAQUS

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Retraction: The editors of Engineering Solid Mechanics retract this article [1] due to severe similarity between the paper and the one published in [2].

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2021.4.0r1

Original Article was published in Engineering Solid Mechanics, 2021, Vol 9, No. 2 Pages: 101-110


Reference

[1] Afriani, L., Susilo, G., Nawangrini, S., & Iswan, I. (2021). Soil shrinkage and consolidation study on flood embankments in swamp irrigation areas. Engineering Solid Mechanics, 9(2), 101-110.
[2] Afriani, L., Susilo, G. E., & Nawangrini, S. (2020). Soil Shrinkage and Consolidation Study on Flood Embankments in Swamp irrigation Areas (Case Study: Tulang Bawang-Indonesia). Civil Engineering and Architecture, 8(6), 1225-1233.

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)