Abstract: This study reports the flow stress behavior of three P92 steels with different compositions. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted in the deformation temperature range of 575 °C to 650 °C and strain rate range of 0.001-0.5 s^-1 using a Gleeble® 3500 thermo-mechanical simulator. A simple physically-based constitutive model was used to analyse the effects of deformation conditions (temperature and strain rate) on the metal flow stress behavior during the deformation process. The method accounts for the temperature dependence of Young’s modulus and the lattice self-diffusion coefficient of Fe in the ferrite. Constitutive equations describing the flow stress behavior of the three P92 steels were developed. From the results, the stress exponent n of 26.13(steel A), 21.61(steel B) and 27.55 (steel C) were obtained using the self-diffusion activation energy in the physically-based constitutive equation. From the results, the three steels had variation in the stress exponent values, which was attributed to differences in elemental content, such as chromium and tungsten. The developed constitutive equations were verified using statistical parameters: Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) and average absolute relative errors (AARE). Statistical analysis showed that the three steels had the same R of 0.98, while AARE was: 1.68 (steel A), 1.72 (steel B), and 1.82 (steel C). The constitutive equations developed showed a good correlation between the experimental and predicted flow stress data. Hence, the method is applicable in describing flow stress behavior in the metalworking process in the industry.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.4.007
Keywords: Flow stress, Deformation, P92 steel, Material constant, Stress exponent, Uniaxial compression

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This paper presents a study of the solar dome system that is considered as one of the most important economical solutions in the domain of drinking water production. For this, a mathematical model was built from equations describing the optical and thermal phenomenon involved in this process. The concentration of radiation and the heat flow were simulated in each 0.1m² of the dome using the metrological parameters of Morocco’s region Rabat-Salé-Kenitra. The results can follow the evolution of the temperature of glass, salt water, point dew temperature, saturation pressure and evaporation rate as well as humidity reached in August month for the study zone. For this, a numerical implementation on Matlab and Ansys are compared with measurements for the same parameters shown in the domain study of single slope. The comparison results are more significant by the rise of the ray concentration rate reached to 99% if the inclination angle of the heliostat is divided into three intervals. The saturation pressure increases as long as with the rate of evaporation and the humidity that produces ordinary daily fresh water.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.4.006
Keywords: Solar dome, Water desalination, Concentration rate, Dew point temperature, Saturation pressure

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: This work aims to make a unique polymer to be used as a conductive and flexible chip antenna. Its properties are robustness, rigidity, stretchability, and good conduction. The fabricated composite is composed of two copolymers, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Polyethylenimine (PEI), assembled with nano metals (Copper, Silver), and graphene nanoparticles as a matrix. Nano metals fill out the inter-layer space, and polymer voids reinforce the cross linker. Graphene/metal nanoparticles help make chelating complexes using metallic bonds, enhancing the polymer’s conductivity from 1.87 × 10-4 to 5.64 ×10-6 σ Scm-1. The conductivity, self-healing, and surface morphology of fabricated composite are analyzed using different spectroscopic techniques, such as electrochemical impedance (EIS), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Transition Electronic Microscopy (TEM), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV), and a particle size analyzer.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.4.005
Keywords: Copolymers, Impedance, Assembled metals, Graphene, Self-Healing, Spectroscopic analyses, Mechanical characterization

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: A fire fighting and rescue motorcycle fitted with a fire fighting and rescue vehicle cluster on the vehicle's suspension will change the vehicle's center of gravity, affecting the vehicle's stability during travel. By modeling the kinematics in the planar motion of a two-wheeled motorcycle with 4 degrees of freedom, the paper has built a system of differential equations for the planar motion of the vehicle. Investigate the influence of the installation position of the vehicle cluster, the road surface collision, and the vehicle's speed on the loading and unloading of the vehicle in the process of moving in a straight line. The test results evaluate the reliability of the theoretical model.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.4.004
Keywords: motorcycle, Planar dynamics model, Tire grip, Actual testing and model survey

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The majority of structural failures are attributable to errors in construction. This problem exists in all countries, but it is more frequent in developing communities. This study focuses on construction errors of structures in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. In this study, eighty-eight buildings have been investigated during the construction phase. These buildings have been categorized into ten types and have been distributed in twenty-two suburbs. Results showed that the buildings of Tehran can suffer from at least forty-nine major construction problems. In addition, for the first time, this research has introduced the following three terms in relation to prioritizing of construction errors: Relative Importance Factor (RIF), Priority Index (PI) and Structural Importance Index (SII). As a part of the conclusions, the results showed one hundred percent of investigated buildings are affected dramatically by the “use of untrained workers” and “lack of sampling or wrong sampling” too. In this regard, the RIF and PI of each “Lack of sampling or wrong sampling” and “use of untrained workers” are 100 and 1, respectively. Also, suburb 3 has the best construction conditions while suburb 10 has the worst.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.4.003
Keywords: Construction Errors, Relative Importance Factor (RIF), Priority Index (PI) Structural Importance Index (SII)

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Cutting betel nut machines are increasingly being designed by engineers using local material. However, the performance of the cutting betel nut machine is influenced by the moisture content of the betel nut and the rotational speed of the machine. In this study, the performance of cutting a betel nut machine under moisture content of betel nut and rotational speed of the machine was studied using response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability function. Central Composite Design (CCD) coupled with RSM and desirability function was employed to evaluate the impact of moisture content of betel nut (34.68–50.54%, w.b.) and rotational speed (600–1000 rpm) on machine capacity (kg/hr), efficiency (%), and losses (%) responses. The desirability function was then used to optimize moisture content and rotational speed yielding maximum machine capacity and efficiency at lower losses. Three verification experiments were run to ensure the empirical relationships were valid. Optimum requirements of process parameters have been seen at which moisture content of 50.54% (w.b.) and rotational speed of 1000 rpm was achieved in maximum machine capacity of 44.16 kg/hr at higher efficiency (92.72%) and lower losses (6.31%). The model's conclusions were very consistent with the confirmed values. The results proved that an appropriate performance of the machine can be achieved using moisture content of betel nut and rotational speed of machine cutting betel nut.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.4.002
Keywords: Moisture content, Rotational speed, RSM, Machine capacity, Efisiensi, Losses

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Nowadays, the significant demand for concrete has become a problem in concrete using aggregate from waste. Using standard concrete is recommended to reduce the breakdown of buildings. Unfortunately, standard materials used to produce previous concrete are not entirely environmentally friendly. As a result, many researchers have committed their awareness to identifying eco-friendlier substitutions in manufacturing concrete substitution aggregate from waste. In this respect, this paper discussed the proposed efficient procedure to indicate the compressive strength from mixed proportioning cockle shell, glass powder, and epoxy resin as concrete under hot water curing conditions (60°C, 4 hr) using response surface methodology. The experimental design used in this research uses a response surface methodology. There are three aggregates to be investigated, namely cockle shell powder, glass powder and epoxy resin under hot water curing condition (60°C, 4 hr). Under hot water curing conditions, this research discovered that adding 4.0% cockle shell powder and 10.0 % glass powder increased the compressive strength to 104.68 MPa. On the other hand, 4.0% cockle shell powder, 10.0% glass powder and 2% epoxy resin under hot water curing conditions improved the compressive strength to 115.70 MPa. It was therefore inferred that the use of both cockle shell powder and glass powder to produce cleaner and compressive strength concrete is applicable, both mechanically and environmentally.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.4.001
Keywords: Cockle shell, Compressive strength, Concrete, Glass powder, Waste

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: A solid fuel launch vehicle is a rocket with an engine that has been widely used in aerospace missions. Utilizing such launch vehicles depends on the simplicity of the manufacturing, maintenance, operation and development of the control systems. The purpose of optimization in solid fuel launch vehicles design is to find the best possible design for the mission with regard to the available equipment, constraints and infrastructures. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to optimally design a launch vehicle for customized missions based on successful experiences, as well as technology, manufacturing capabilities and facilities. In this context, NSGA-II Intelligent Optimization Algorithm is considered based on multi-objective optimization principles and Mass-Energetic concepts. The optimal design of the launch vehicle is performed by applying intelligent algorithms and technological opportunities and limitations. The result showed that the present optimization method can design the launch vehicle based on technological limitations.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.3.003
Keywords: Solid fuel launch vehicle, Multi-objective optimization, NSGA-II algorithm, Mass-Energetic Coefficients, Modefrontier software

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The problems of protecting equipment, structures and operators from the harmful effects of vibrations are among the most painful topics of modern mechanical engineering. In this research an original design of a friction shock absorber is presented in which the principle of operation is based on the contact interaction of a package of open shells with weakly compressible deformable filler. The proposed design is simple and technologically advanced, suitable for operation under high dynamic loads and at the same time has a compact transverse dimension. Such shock absorbers are projected to be used in the mining and oil and gas industries. A finite element model of a friction shock absorber with two contact pairs has been constructed: the first contact pair is "filler - package of open shells"; the second contact pair is "inner shell of the package - outer shell". The contacting bodies were presented as separate arrays of finite elements and the conditions of frictional interaction on the contact surfaces were set in the form of Coulomb's law. We considered the behavior of such a structurally nonlinear system under the action of a monotonic and nonmonotonic load. In the course of the study, the main operational characteristics of the shock absorber including the strength, rigidity, hysteresis characteristics and natural frequencies were determined. The possibility of adjusting the rigidity and shock-absorbing characteristics of the proposed device is discussed.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.3.002
Keywords: Damping, Vibration protection, Threaded joint, Self-unscrewing, Shell package, Coefficient of friction

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Manufacturing, in general, creates a finished good from a set of simpler supplied parts. Supplied parts are installed into higher assemblies, higher assemblies move into even higher assemblies, and eventually this terminates at the finished good. Delays or variation during the manufacturing process ripple all the way to the finished good, possibly from different branches of the build and possibly magnifying any individual effect. There is extensive literature regarding Lean Manufacturing and it provides strategies and business philosophy to deal with variation, however it offers little in the way of quantitative analysis on the effects of that variation upon the whole. Digital Twins and discrete event simulations can and have been used to model the impact of variation in its totality. Various papers on Digital Twins have explored how to model manufacturing, but very little on generalized behavior. (i.e. How schedule slips at the subassemblies impacts the delivery dates / quantities at the finished good level). This paper explores the analytical quantitative effects of input/sales variation through the manufacturing cycle and the resultant effect on the finished good manufacturing schedule/cycle. We demonstrate that even small random variations/interruptions propagate up the build chain, get reduced in magnitude and end up producing predictable reductions in the average build rate of the final product. Additionally, it is shown that the more supplied parts that comprise a finished good the greater the expected reduction in average build rate.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.3.001
Keywords: Build Forecast, Manufacturing, Optimization, BOM, Supplied Parts

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)