Abstract: Nowadays, with increased demand for aggregates for concrete and an awareness of the need of protecting natural resources, experts are becoming increasingly interested in waste material as a building material substitute. However, the compressive strength is influenced by the composition of concrete. In this study, the compressive strength of concrete under substitution using waste from cockle shells and glass was investigated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) based on RSM was used to assess the influence of epoxy resin, cockle shells powder, and glass powder on compressive strength responses. RSM developed first-order and second-order mathematical models with findings from experimental design. Analysis of variance was used to determine the correctness of CCD's mathematical models. Desirability analysis was then employed to optimize epoxy resin, cockle shells powder, and glass powder yielding maximum compressive strength. The RSM analysis revealed that the empirical results fit well into linear and quadratic models of concrete compressive strength. The mixing components will produce cement with compressive strength in each formulation of 54.71 MPa (4.88% epoxy resin and 4.0% cockle shells powder), 47.82 MPa (6.85% epoxy resin and 8.0% glass powder), 147.0 MPa, (4% cockle shells powder and 8% glass powder), and 56.08 MPa (4.4% epoxy resin, 4.0% cockle shells powder, and 8.0% glass powder). The results confirmed that a reasonable compressive strength of concrete could be achieved using epoxy resin, cockle shells powder, and glass powder.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.2.005
Keywords: Cockle shells powder, Compressive strength, Concrete, Epoxy resin, Glass powder, Waste

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Demand for eco-friendly materials increases each year due to their excellent properties, which has proved to contribute to developing a sustainable environment. One of the promising raw materials in producing Glass is rice husk, a waste product from paddy harvesting, containing about 90% of silica. Rice husks are usually burnt in an open area and contribute to severe air pollution problems. In this research, Soda-Lime-Silica Rice Husk Ash (SLRHA) glass which is a new combination of soda-lime silicate (SLS) glass and rice husk ash (RHA), was developed for building glass and window application. The hardness properties of the developed SLS-RHA glass system are presented in this paper. These glasses were investigated to determine the effect of RHA addition on the physical properties of SLS glass. The experimental works using RSM have successfully identified the significant factors and optimized the responses. Based on the Rockwell hardness test, the outcomes demonstrated that the glass sample contained 29.84% weight SLS and 0.06% weight RHA. The result indicated that crack propagation was increased with the increasing addition of RHA, which causes an increase in cracks and voids due to the creation of more debonding.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.2.004
Keywords: Soda Lime Silica Glass, Rice Husk Ash, Response Surface Methodology, Rockwell Hard-Ness Test, Microstructural Analysis

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The mechanization-oriented technology for shallot planting is a suitable solution which has a positive impact on changing the style of farming and reducing labor costs and increasing the efficiency in the process of planting shallot. In this research using an automatic planting device, the kinematics of shallot seed feed roller is calculated, designed and surveyed for correct positioning of the shallot in the created hole. This is done by the aid of Autodesk Inventor Professional and Matlab Simulink software. Working principle Diagram of planting shallot device is presented and the design parameters were optimized, and the stability of the suspension system used in the device was investigated.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.2.003
Keywords: Kinematics, Dynamics transplanting mechanism, Shallot seed, Mechanization-oriented solution

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Nowadays, in order to increase construction of tall structures, the importance of choosing optimum systems, with a huge energy absorption capacity against wind and earthquake loads, has been widely considered. Since four decades ago, steel shear walls had been used as a stiff and high performance lateral system. This study is about the effect of concrete filled steel tubes (CFT) columns as vertical boundary elements of steel shear wall on seismic behavior of steel structures. Due to do this, three 10-storey steel structures, with similar plans and lateral load career systems of steel shear wall, coinciding X-bracing, and moderate steel frame were analyzed by means of non-linear, time-history method through SAP2000 software, and the results of roof displacement of them were compared with each other. Also after validating a two-storey, single-span frame sample with steel shear walls and CFT columns, 3 single-storey structures were analyzed by means of hysteresis and pushover, through ABAQUS software. The results of this study showed that a shear wall system presents suitable stiffness, resistance and ductility in comparison with other lateral bearing systems.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.2.002
Keywords: CFT column, Steel shear wall, Non-linear time-history analysis, Structural analyses, SAP2000, ABAQUS modeling

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a process of welding materials that generates heat through friction. Plastic deformation, nonlinear material movement, tool-to-structural evolution friction, and heat production from friction and plastic deformation all have an impact on FSW operation. In this paper, thermo-mechanical characteristics of aluminum alloy AA6061-T6 during the FSW process were simulated based on COMSOL® software using a finite element approach. A conceptual model was created to interpret the thermal and structural analyses. According to the obtained results, the temperature rises on the top and bottom surfaces as the axial force increases but decreases along the line perpendicular to the weld direction. The overall temperature decreases as the forward welding speed rises within the acceptable induced temperature range of the workpiece, while the axial force and rotational speeds stay stable.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.2.001
Keywords: Frictions stir welding (FSW), Modeling and Simulation, Finite Element Method (FEM), Heat generation and Heat transfer

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: The article deals with stress separation using different experimental techniques and their comparison to numerical and theoretical solutions. The method is applied to a keyhole sample coupon, to which measurements of fringe order, temperature or displacement were made using photo-elasticity, TSA (Thermo-elastic Stress Analysis) and DIC (Digital Image Correlation). The results are compared to FEM simulations (Finite Element Method) using the stress concentration factor (K_t) as a benchmark. Additionally, an Airy stress function is proposed and tested against obtained measurements. The comparison of K_t shows agreement among measurements as well as numerical and theoretical results. It is concluded that the presented method can be used for isotropic materials subjected to the plane stress, where stress variation through-thickness is negligible.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.1.003
Keywords: Stress separation, Keyhole sample, DIC, TSA, Photo-elasticity, Stress analysis, Airy stress function

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Stainless steel (SS) and Titanium alloy (Ti) are the most commonly used materials in many industrial fields such as the automotive and aerospace industry. Stainless steel has good corrosion resistance and titanium alloy has an extremely lightweight characteristic. The combination of both materials has become a tremendous innovation in the industrial sector. Resistance spot welding which has commonly applied in many industrial fields is a good consideration to join these two dissimilar materials due to the high efficiency that could be achieved by using this method. However, the way of joining these dissimilar materials should be carefully considered due to the significant difference in mechanical properties between SS and Ti. In the present study, 3 mm of SS316L and Ti6Al4V sheets were joint under the resistance spot welding method with an aluminum interlayer. The optimized welding parameters were provided under the Taguchi method L9 orthogonal array along with the mechanical properties’ investigation. The optimum welding parameters were 11 kA of weld current, 30 Cycles of welding time, and 5 kN of electrode force which produced 8.83 kN tensile-shear load of the joint. The mechanical structure analysis shows the different morphology between stainless steel and titanium interfaces and the intermetallic compound layer was formed on the SS/Al and Al/Ti interfaces. The EDX analysis shows the atomic diffusion-reaction on the application of aluminum as an interlayer on the SS/Ti joint.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.1.002
Keywords: Resistance spot welding, Stainless steel, Titanium alloy, Mechanical properties, Microstructure, Welding parameters, Aluminum interlayer, Taguchi method

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)

Abstract: Rotating shafts have a vast application in various industries especially in the aerospace industry such as engines, compressors and turbines. The researchers have performed considerable efforts on the rotating shafts’ dynamic behavior because of their sensitivity to the rotor specifications and different parameters such as supports. In this paper by employing a pipe elbow element, an especial finite element formulation is derived to investigate dynamic behavior of rotating shaft in the presence of support clearance. The proposed element consists of four nodes with twenty-four degrees of freedom, which also accounts for the shear and gyroscopic effects. Within a finite element analysis framework, the focus of the paper is proposing a formulation to account for the dynamic behavior of a rotating shaft with much less number of elements. The element is implemented in a finite element code and then is used to model and analyze some rotating shaft examples. In order to verify the developed formulation, results are compared with those obtained from other schemes reported in the literature.

DOI: 10.5267/j.esm.2022.1.001
Keywords: Dynamic behavior, Rotating shafts, Pipe elbow element, Finite Element Formulation, Critical speed, Natural frequency

	© 2010 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada. This is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the license. Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY)