Considering the very important medicinal and biological properties of heterocycles including isatin skeleton, synthesis of isatin-containing compounds has attracted the attention of medicinal and organic chemists, especially researchers involved in the synthesis of heterocycles. The present review focuses on the recent investigation in the synthesis of heterocycles with isatin moiety using isatin derivatives as reaction reactants via multi-component for the period of 2014–2024. The reports were classified according to the conditions of the reactions, which distinguishes this review from similar studies. In some reports, green chemistry has been used, such as the use of green solvent, green and reusable catalyst, solvent-free conditions, microwave irradiations and ultrasonic irradiations. Most reviews of isatin published so far have focused only on spirooxindoles, but this review not only addresses the condition for the synthesis of spirooxindoles, but also the synthesis of other isatin-contaning heterocycles such as pyrroloquinolines, imidazole-indoles and pyrazoloquinoline. The main objective of this review is to present an overview of the latest methodologies involving isatin in the multicomponent synthesis of heterocyclic compounds, specifically for organic and medicinal chemists.

In the present work, Zn, Cu monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using leaves extract of Borassus flabellifer. Plant extract acts as both surfactant and reducing agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterised by UV-Vis, XRD, FESEM, EDX, and HRTEM techniques. UV-Vis spectroscopy is used to monitor the synthesis of nanoparticles. XRD technique was used to confirm the amorphous nature of nanoparticles. The FESEM images demonstrate that the shape of the nanoparticles such as Zn monometallic (pseudo-spherical), Cu monometallic (rod), Zn-Cu bimetallic are (pseudo-spherical and rod-shaped). HRTEM images show the approximate size of the Zn, Cu monometallic and Zn-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles is 3.0 nm, 3.52 nm and 2.2 nm respectively. EDX spectra confirm the presence of Zn, Cu and O in the sample. Synthesized Zn, Cu monometallic nanoparticles, and Zn-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles were used to evaluate their possible antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Bimetallic nanoparticles displayed higher antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties in the comparison of monometallic nanoparticles. The results suggest that Zn-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles have greater potential than monometallic nanoparticles.

Plant-mediated green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has become the most deserving alternative to chemical synthesis as this process is economical and energy-efficient, and environmentally benign. For the last twenty to thirty years, different plant sources are being utilized for the fabrication of green NPs, and few of them have used the extract of Phoenix Dactylifera L. as reducing, capping, or stabilizing agents. This review provides a detailed outline of the extraction method from various parts of dates and their synthesis with different metal salts using these extracts. The applied techniques of characterization and application of these nanoparticles have also been thoroughly discussed. The phytochemicals present in the extract were responsible for reducing the metals. Except for a few, all the investigations reported the spherical NPs but have variations in their size. These NPs have high prospects in applications such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and catalytic activities. This work may lead the path for additional advancement in this field, and researchers may take up the future work for the large scale production of NPs and their application using date extracts.

The novel class of multi-substituted indolylimidazole derivatives series substituted 3-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indole and substituted 5-bromo-3-(4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indole was synthesized utilising a green and efficient one-pot four components condensation of indole-3-carbaldehyde, benzil, ammonium acetate and various amines under microwave irradiation using Amberlyst A-15 as a recyclable catalyst. The catalyst Amberlyst A-15 has recovered from the reaction mixture and reused repeatedly for the next reaction. The key advantage of this process involves eco-friendly, very short reaction time, cost-effectiveness with the reusability of catalyst, easy workup, and purification of the product with excellent yields. FTIR, 1HNMR and Mass spectrometric studies analyzed and established the structures of all newly synthesized compounds.

Copper oxide nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by mechanochemical reaction, which is a green, low cost, solvent free, rapid method and followed by calcining treatment. Copper acetate monohydrate and urea were used as reagents and the resulted precursor was calcined at 500 ?C for 2h in air. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of nanoparticles with an average size of about 86 nm. The Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectrum and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern of the product confirmed all of reflections can be indexed to pure phase of CuO with a monoclinic crystal system. The diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS) showed a band gap of 1.7 eV.

The condensation of several aromatic/heteroaromatic aldehydes with 2-aminothiophenol under melt reaction conditions afforded 2-arylbenzothiazoles under solvent-free conditions. The major advantages of the present method are high yields, short reaction times, and eco-friendly conditions.