This paper constructs a dual-channel Stackelberg game model including the benchmark wholesale model B, the manufacturer encroachment model E, and the front-end and back-end AI-enabled model A. Through comparative static analysis, it is found that the manufacturer's encroachment profit increases with the increase of consumers' green preferences and channel substitutability. When the effective market capacity is positive, the manufacturer's profit under the encroachment strategy is better than that of the benchmark model, and the retailer's profit under the encroachment model is not lower than that under the benchmark model. Additionally, the optimal AI investment increases monotonically with the effective market capacity and efficiency parameters and decreases monotonically with the cost coefficient. When reaching a certain threshold, it shows a significant upward trend. Moreover, the stronger the channel substitutability, the lower the threshold. Under given constraints, the profits of both the manufacturer and the retailer in model A are significantly higher than those in other models. Therefore, moderate front-end and back-end AI collaboration is the key to achieving the triple goals of "encroachment + green + digitalization" and achieving a win-win profit situation between the manufacturer and the retailer. This provides a theoretical basis for enterprises to design direct sales strategies, AI investment intensity, and for governments and platforms to formulate subsidy and cost-sharing policies.

We examine a two-tier supply chain of manufacturers and retailers distributing new and refurbished products through conventional channels. Manufacturers encroach on the refurbished product market by establishing new direct sales channels and enhancing service levels to maximize profits. Employing a game theory model, we investigate the optimal equilibrium scenarios, including the basic, partial, and full encroachment scenarios. We analyze the impact of manufacturer encroachment on sales quantity and profits for both manufacturers and retailers. Our findings reveal that partial encroachment has a lower threshold than full encroachment, and manufacturer encroachment consistently expands the market for refurbished products. Under certain conditions, manufacturer encroachment boosts their profits and benefits retailers, thereby alleviating channel conflicts. Surprisingly, retailers help manufacturers swiftly achieve the optimal range for direct selling costs. Once this range is attained, retailers and manufacturers actively compete in the refurbished product market, maintaining their optimal profit levels.

Chronic information asymmetries in green markets erode consumer trust, creating dual impediments to sustainable consumption and supply chain efficiency. Blockchain addresses these challenges by leveraging its unique technical features. This research analyzes a two-stage green supply chain comprising a manufacturer and retailer, developing three models with key parameters: green preference levels, trust coefficients, and blockchain traceability costs. These models, which include a baseline non-blockchain model, blockchain-enabled decentralized decision-making and blockchain-integrated centralized decision-making frameworks, are designed to explore blockchain adoption strategies and coordination mechanisms. This research elucidates several critical insights: (1) The optimal level of green production investment correlates positively with consumer green preferences regardless of blockchain implementation. Blockchain incentivizes the manufacturer to boost green investments, stimulating demand, improving retailer profits and Consumer Surplus. (2) Beyond blockchain operational costs, consumer trust levels act as pivotal determinants in decisions regarding blockchain adoption. The manufacturer tends to be more inclined to adopt blockchain technology only when consumer trust levels and the fixed costs of blockchain implementation are both below specific thresholds. (3) Compared with the decentralized decision-making model, the centralized decision-making model exhibits elevated levels of green production investment, significantly higher overall supply chain profits, and an augmented Consumer Surplus. The design of a two-part tariff contract with fixed remuneration enables supply chain coordination. Within a defined threshold range, fixed remuneration can achieve Pareto improvement in profits for both manufacturer and retailer. (4) The asymmetric Nash bargaining equilibrium enables the efficient allocation of post-coordination surplus gains. This research offers theoretical support for blockchain adoption choices in green supply chains, promoting green, efficient, and sustainable supply chain development.

Under the rapid development of the global economy, environmental pollution has intensified significantly. The evolving external environment presents both opportunities and challenges to traditional supply chains. As an innovative management philosophy and practical approach, the green supply chain has rapidly become an integral component of corporate sustainable development strategies. However, the transition from traditional supply chain to green supply chain necessitates effective collaboration and coordination among supply chain members. Contractual coordination has therefore emerged as an effective methodology to enhance operational efficiency and profitability across supply chain participants. To investigate the impact of various coordination mechanisms on the optimal decision-making of green supply chains, we construct a Stackelberg game model involving bilateral green investments by both manufacturer and retailer within a two-echelon green supply chain system. Considering the bilateral green efforts from both manufacturer and retailer, we comparatively analyze game equilibrium solutions under three scenarios: non-coordination, cost-sharing contract coordination, and two-part contract coordination. Specifically，we examine how these coordination mechanisms influence pricing strategies, green investment levels, and profit distributions within the supply chain network. Finally, the results are validated and illustrated using numerical simulation. It is discovered that 1) the cost-sharing contract cannot simultaneously increase the Pareto improvement of producers' and retailers' revenues; 2) the cost-sharing contract cannot increase the social utility and additive greenness of products; however, it can improve the marketing effort; and 3) When retailers maintain an optimistic stance toward manufacturers' green initiatives, the two-part tariff contract enables concurrent Pareto improvements in both parties' profits while simultaneously enhancing product greenness, marketing efforts, and social welfare, thereby achieving efficient supply chain coordination.

In the contemporary era, green development has become integral to modern industrial supply chains. Accelerating the green transformation of the supply chain in the express delivery industry poses a significant challenge in China. To address this challenge, we establish a trilateral evolutionary game model that considers the interdependent constraints involving the government, vehicle suppliers, and courier companies. This model aims to explore the optimal stable decisions for each stakeholder and the entire supply chain system. Through numerical simulations, we analyze the impact of key parameters on the stability of strategies and find that there are four Evolutionary Stable Strategies (ESS) in the system. Economic factors play a dual role: income-related factors encourage the adoption of green strategies by stakeholders, whereas cost-related factors extend the time required for stakeholders to transition to green strategies. For sustained production and utilization of new energy vehicles, the government must utilize a balanced system of rewards and penalties effectively. Vehicle suppliers and courier companies should collaborate for mutually beneficial outcomes, jointly fostering the green transformation of the supply chain with a focus on cost reduction and efficiency improvement. This study offers theoretical insights and methodological support for decision-makers in green supply chain management.

This study endeavors to evaluate the effectiveness of green distribution and green supply chain practices at PT Bio Farma (Persero) in relation to polio vaccine products. The ultimate objective is to establish and attain future green distribution targets. The research methodology utilizes the Green Supply Chain Operations Reference (Green SCOR) model and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to analyze the production and distribution data of polio vaccine (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) products from January to December 2023. The performance values for each key component of Green Distribution and Green Supply Chain are as follows: Plan = 22.9, Source = 16.60, Make = 21.53, Deliver = 11.24, and Return = 7.08. The total performance value for Green Distribution and Green Supply Chain is 79.41. According to APICS standards, the performance of Green Distribution and Green Supply Chain is rated as “Good”. Future performance improvements will focus on supply chain and collaborative planning, establishing long-term partnerships with suppliers and customers, optimizing environmentally friendly transportation, and developing the enterprise information system. Our study proposes that the distribution and logistics managers at PT Bio Farma should persistently monitor and assess their operations to enhance the efficiency of their green distribution and green supply chains. By doing so, they can ensure the successful attainment of performance objectives for disseminating the polio vaccine in Indonesia. This research presents a significant advancement by incorporating the Green SCOR framework into the specific domain of polio vaccines, emphasizing sustainability and environmental efficiency. This approach paves the way for new avenues of investigation in green supply chain research and offers a novel viewpoint on how the pharmaceutical industry, specifically vaccine distribution, can utilize sustainable practices to enhance their operations while mitigating environmental ramifications.

Changes are occurring in customers demanding that companies produce environmentally friendly products. Apart from that, there is pressure from the government so that companies carrying out business activities can follow the rules and regulations set. The company has developed a system that uses technology to support production process activities properly and adequately. Blockchain technology makes green supply chain implementation faster and more flexible to continue improving supply chain performance. Data is collected on companies implementing blockchain technology and environmentally friendly programs. Data was collected at 512 manufacturing companies in Indonesia using Google Forms, which was distributed via email and social media. Data analysis used PLS to answer all research hypotheses. The research results showed that blockchain technology significantly influenced green supply chain management of 0.816, green practice of 0.370, supply chain flexibility of 0.115, and green supply chain performance of 0.150. Green supply chain management is a commitment for companies that have become top management commitments to adopt by reducing consumption of materials that impact the environment, which affects green supply practices of 0.473, supply chain flexibility of 0.244, and green supply chain performance of 0.247. Green supply practice, as a form of company best practice application, can influence supply chain flexibility by 0.428 and green supply chain performance by 0.214. Supply chain flexibility that has been running in manufacturing companies has had a significant impact on green supply chain performances of 0.331. This research provides a practical contribution to top management's commitment to running a green supply chain to increase company performance. Contribution for regulators and rule makers to continue to carry out continuous monitoring of business actors. Theoretical contributions to enrich theories about the green environment, green supply chain management, and blockchain technology.

Nowadays, the topic of preserving the environment and serving local communities is a hot issue. Hence, this study aims to explore how the green supply chain affects Jordan's pharmaceutical manufacturing industry's ability to compete globally. This study's research methodology is quantitative, descriptive, and cause-effect. Data was gathered from a sample of 124 managers selected randomly from a pool of 300 managers working in 10 out of 14 pharmaceutical manufacturing organizations. The study tool underwent evaluations for normality, validity, and reliability before the data were subjected to descriptive analysis and a correlation analysis was performed between variables. Finally, hypothesis testing was conducted through the application of multiple regression analysis. The findings show that green practices affect competitive strategy, where green operations were having the highest effect on competitive strategies, then green purchasing, and green selling, respectively. The study's conclusions show that the adoption of a green supply chain improves the competitiveness of the Jordanian pharmaceutical manufacturing sector. Accordingly, the study recommends that Jordanian pharmaceutical manufacturing companies should include green supply chain practices in their daily supply practices to increase the competitiveness of the organizations.

This research came to examine the influence of green supply chain practices on export performance. The research population consists of the decision-makers in pharmaceutical companies in Jordan. The Jordanian pharmaceutical industry is considered one of the oldest industrial sectors in the Arab region. Accordingly, the research took a purposive sampling method to collect primary data. The questionnaire was designed electronically via Google Forms and distributed to the study sample via e-mail. Data were analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) by version 24 of AMOS software. The study results showed that green supply chain dimensions have influenced export performance of the pharmaceutical industry in Jordan. Based on the study results, the researchers recommend managers and decision makers of the pharmaceutical organizations to create a policy outlining the organization's commitment to sustainability and outlining its aims and objectives for decreasing its environmental effect.

This study came with the aim of identifying the impact of the green supply chain on sustainability. This research targeted managers at the senior and middle levels of the Pharmaceutical Industry in Jordan, as they were formulating the company's strategies and determining its policies. A purposive sample consisting of 258 managers was selected. To gather the data needed for the analysis, a self-report questionnaire was used formulated electronically through Google Forms. AMOS software was used to examine the research hypotheses. The study concluded that there was an impact of the green supply chain with its dimensions (Eco-Design, Green Distribution, Green Purchasing, Green Manufacturing, and Green Reverse Logistics) on sustainability. Based on this result, the researcher recommends pharmaceutical companies in Jordan to take green initiatives and the trends towards implementing a green supply chain approach that reduces the consumption of non-renewable resources and waste, and to establish special laws and regulations in the company that oblige employees to apply the green approach in their practices within the work.