This study aimed to develop a conceptual model of the role of differentiation strategy and organizational citizenship behavior in mediating the effect of transformational leadership on the performance of private high schools in Pekanbaru. The sample was 140 principals and vice-principals of private high schools in Pekanbaru. The data obtained were processed using Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM PLS). The findings in this study are that transformational leadership has a positive effect on the performance of private high schools in Pekanbaru, differentiation strategy and organizational citizenship behavior mediate the effect of transformational leadership on the performance of private high schools in Pekanbaru. The most effective pathway to affect the performance of private high schools is the mediating pathway of organizational citizenship behavior on the effect of transformational leadership on the performance of private high schools.

Nowadays, the topic of preserving the environment and serving local communities is a hot issue. Hence, this study aims to explore how the green supply chain affects Jordan's pharmaceutical manufacturing industry's ability to compete globally. This study's research methodology is quantitative, descriptive, and cause-effect. Data was gathered from a sample of 124 managers selected randomly from a pool of 300 managers working in 10 out of 14 pharmaceutical manufacturing organizations. The study tool underwent evaluations for normality, validity, and reliability before the data were subjected to descriptive analysis and a correlation analysis was performed between variables. Finally, hypothesis testing was conducted through the application of multiple regression analysis. The findings show that green practices affect competitive strategy, where green operations were having the highest effect on competitive strategies, then green purchasing, and green selling, respectively. The study's conclusions show that the adoption of a green supply chain improves the competitiveness of the Jordanian pharmaceutical manufacturing sector. Accordingly, the study recommends that Jordanian pharmaceutical manufacturing companies should include green supply chain practices in their daily supply practices to increase the competitiveness of the organizations.

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on differentiation strategy. In this study, the components of EO are innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking. On the other hand, differentiation strategy indicates the product, process, market and brand differentiation. The study uses survey questionnaire for data collection. The data are collected from Muslim entrepreneurs of the apparel industry from Bangladesh. The study uses 339 data to conduct the research. After data collection, SmartPLS is applied for quantitative analysis to examine the effect of EO on differentiation strategy. The study indicates a positive and significant effect of innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking (EO) on differentiation strategy. Among the three components of EO, proactiveness is found the most significant component on differentiation strategy followed by innovativeness and risk-taking.

Competitive advantage is an important factor in boosting companies & apos; success and is considered more emphatically in management and strategic marketing literature in recent years. There are many different ideas about effective factors in creation of competitive advantages. Also fast rate of change in business, is forcing CEOs to utilize some strategies, which have the best impact on current organizational circumstances and the future trend of investigation in organizational trades. Outsourcing is one of the best strategies, which are widely utilized by CEOs in different organizations. Many managers believe that outsourcing is the solitary way for preserving the balance of organization in 21 century. Based on Porter competitive advantage model, there are three strategies, which lead a company to reach competitive advantage. These strategies are cost leadership, differentiation strategy and segmentation strategy. In this article, we are investigating outsourcing effects on creation of competitive advantages through Porter model in an automotive factory in Iran. We design a questionnaire for gathering necessary information about the role of outsourcing in creation of different strategies as competitive advantages in managers & apos; point of view. We analyze the questionnaires and implement a goodness of fit test to recognize the distribution of data and the statistical method. Preliminary results show that nonparametric statistic methods can be utilized for testing our hypothesis. We use a Wilcoxon test to consider the null hypothesis and a Friedman test to estimate the rank of means. Our findings verify an undeniable effect of outsourcing on creation of competitive advantage and the ranking list is presented.