How to cite this paper
APA: Costa, A & Wickramasinghe, V. (2026). Fueling exploitative and exploratory innovation with paternalistic leadership – do intrinsic motivation and environmental dynamism moderate the relationship?. Management Science Letters, 16(1), 75-86.
Chicago/Turabian: Costa, A & Wickramasinghe, V. 2026. "Fueling exploitative and exploratory innovation with paternalistic leadership – do intrinsic motivation and environmental dynamism moderate the relationship?." Management Science Letters 16, no. 1 (2026): 75-86.
AMA: Costa, A & Wickramasinghe, V. Fueling exploitative and exploratory innovation with paternalistic leadership – do intrinsic motivation and environmental dynamism moderate the relationship?. Management Science Letters. 2026;16(1):75-86.
References
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Andriopoulos, C., & Lewis, M.W. (2009). Exploitation-exploration tensions and organizational ambidexterity: Manag-ing paradoxes of innovation. Organization Science, 20(4), 696-717. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1080.0406
Ansari, M.A., Ahmad, Z.A., & Aafaqi, R. (2004). Organizational leadership in the Malaysian context. In D. Tjosvold & K. Leung (Eds.), Leading in high growth Asia: Managing relationship for teamwork and change. pp. 109-138. Singa-pore: World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812562135_0005
Auh, S., & Menguc, B. (2005). The influence of top management team functional diversity on strategic orientations: The moderating role of environmental turbulence and inter-functional coordination. International Journal of Re-search in Marketing, 22(3), 333-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2004.12.003
Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism: Towards conceptual refinement and operationalization. In U. Kim, K.-S. Yang, & K.-K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp.445-466). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28662-4_20
Aycan, Z. (2015). Paternalistic leadership. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom060156
Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., & Kurshid, A. (2000). Impact of culture on hu-man resource management practices: A 10-country comparison. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(1), 192-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00010
Bedi, A. (2020). A meta-analytic review of paternalistic leadership. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 69, 960-1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12186
Benner, M. J., & Tushman, M. (2002). Process management and technological innovation: A longitudinal study of the photography and paint industries. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 676-707. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094913
Chen, X.P., Eberly, M.B., Chiang, T.J., Farh, J.L., & Cheng, B.S. (2014). Affective trust in Chinese leaders: Linking pa-ternalistic leadership to employee performance. Journal of Management, 40(3), 796-819. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311410604
Cheng, B.S., Chou, L.F., Wu, T.Y., Huang, M.P., & Farh, J.L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7(1), 89-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2004.00137.x
Chiu, M.L., Cheng, T.S., & Lin, C.N. (2024). Driving open innovation capability through new knowledge diffusion of integrating intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in organizations: Moderator of individual absorptive capacity. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(1), 3685-3717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01315-8
Damanpour, F., & Schneider, M. (2009). Characteristics of innovation and innovation adoption in public organizations: Assessing the role of managers. Journal of public administration research and theory, 19(3), 495-522. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun021
Danneels, E. (2002). The dynamics of product innovation and firm competencies. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1095-1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.275
De Costa, A. & Wickramasinghe, V. (2025). Transformational leadership and exploratory innovation: the moderating role of intrinsic motivation and environmental dynamism, International Journal of Economic Behavior, 15(1). https://journals.uniurb.it/index.php/ijmeb/issue/view/437
Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of research in personality, 19(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2013). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as predictors of work effort: The moderating role of achievement goals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(3), 412-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02090.x
Gardner, D.G., & Wickramasinghe, V. (2023). Relationships between leadership styles and prosocial motivation depend on cultural values: A case study in Sri Lanka. Merits, 3, 445-458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ merits3030026
Gunasekara, A., Dahanayake, P., Attanayake, C., & Bertone, S. (2022). Paternalistic leadership as a double-edged sword: Analysis of the Sri Lankan President’s response to the COVID-19 crisis. Leadership, 18(4), 498-519. https://doi.org/10.1177/17427150221083784
He, Z.L., & Wong, P.K. (2004). Exploration vs. exploitation: An empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothe-sis. Organization Science, 15(4), 481-494. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0078
Hou, B., Hong, J., & Zhu, R. (2019). Exploration/exploitation innovation and firm performance: the mediation of entre-preneurial orientation and moderation of competitive intensity. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 13(4), 489-506. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-11-2017-0206
Huang, T.Y., & Lin, C-P. (2021). Is paternalistic leadership a double-edged sword for team performance? The mediation of team identification and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 28(2), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051820979648
Jansen, J.J., Vera, D., & Crossan, M. (2009). Strategic leadership for exploration and exploitation: The moderating role of environmental dynamism. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.11.008
Jayasena, T.D.S.A., Wickramasinghe V.M., & Dasanayaka, S.W.S.B. (2005). Technology transfer: The role of culture in transferring technology. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Business Management in Third World. Sri Lanka. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308094864
Jayawardane, T. V. P. & Wickramasinghe, V. M. (2022a). Financial effect on the adjustment of spouses during COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Sustainable Business, Economics and Finance, 1(1), 44-65. http://doi.org/10.31039/josbef.2022.1.1.3
Jayawardane, T., & Wickramasinghe, V. (2022b). Factors affecting couples’ interactions during Covid-19 in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Economic Behavior, 12(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.14276/2285-0430.3347
Jayawardane, T.V.P., & Wickramasinghe, V. (2022c). A study of couples' behaviour during the state regulated COVID-19 lockdown in a South Asian country. The Open COVID Journal, 2, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2174/26669587-v2-e2208231
Kim, U.M. (1994). Significance of paternalism and communalism in the occupational welfare system of Korean firms: A national survey. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectiv-ism: Theory, method, and applications, pp. 251-266. London: Sage.
Kim, T.T., & Lee, G. (2013). Hospitality employee knowledge-sharing behaviors in the relationship between goal orien-tations and service innovative behavior. International journal of hospitality management, 34, 324-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.009
Lee, A., Willis, S., & Tian, A.W. (2018). Empowering leadership: A meta‐analytic examination of incremental contribu-tion, mediation, and moderation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(3), 306-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2220
Levinthal, D.A., & March, J.G. (1993). The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14(S2), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250141009
Li, R., Chen, Z., Zhang, H., & Luo, J. (2021). How do authoritarian leadership and abusive supervision jointly thwart follower proactivity? A social control perspective. Journal of Management, 47(4), 930-956. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319878261
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Lu, L., Zhou, K., Wang, Y., & Zhu, S. (2022). Relationship between paternalistic leadership and employee innovation: A meta-analysis among Chinese samples. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 920006. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920006
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Oehmichen, J., Heyden, M.L., Georgakakis, D., & Volberda, H.W. (2017). Boards of directors and organizational ambi-dexterity in knowledge-intensive firms. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(2), 283-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1244904
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Pellegrini, E.K., & Scandura, T.A. (2008). Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34(3), 566-593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316063
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Ansari, M.A., Ahmad, Z.A., & Aafaqi, R. (2004). Organizational leadership in the Malaysian context. In D. Tjosvold & K. Leung (Eds.), Leading in high growth Asia: Managing relationship for teamwork and change. pp. 109-138. Singa-pore: World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812562135_0005
Auh, S., & Menguc, B. (2005). The influence of top management team functional diversity on strategic orientations: The moderating role of environmental turbulence and inter-functional coordination. International Journal of Re-search in Marketing, 22(3), 333-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2004.12.003
Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism: Towards conceptual refinement and operationalization. In U. Kim, K.-S. Yang, & K.-K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp.445-466). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28662-4_20
Aycan, Z. (2015). Paternalistic leadership. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785317.weom060156
Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R.N., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., & Kurshid, A. (2000). Impact of culture on hu-man resource management practices: A 10-country comparison. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(1), 192-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00010
Bedi, A. (2020). A meta-analytic review of paternalistic leadership. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 69, 960-1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12186
Benner, M. J., & Tushman, M. (2002). Process management and technological innovation: A longitudinal study of the photography and paint industries. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 676-707. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094913
Chen, X.P., Eberly, M.B., Chiang, T.J., Farh, J.L., & Cheng, B.S. (2014). Affective trust in Chinese leaders: Linking pa-ternalistic leadership to employee performance. Journal of Management, 40(3), 796-819. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311410604
Cheng, B.S., Chou, L.F., Wu, T.Y., Huang, M.P., & Farh, J.L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7(1), 89-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2004.00137.x
Chiu, M.L., Cheng, T.S., & Lin, C.N. (2024). Driving open innovation capability through new knowledge diffusion of integrating intrinsic and extrinsic motivations in organizations: Moderator of individual absorptive capacity. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(1), 3685-3717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01315-8
Damanpour, F., & Schneider, M. (2009). Characteristics of innovation and innovation adoption in public organizations: Assessing the role of managers. Journal of public administration research and theory, 19(3), 495-522. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun021
Danneels, E. (2002). The dynamics of product innovation and firm competencies. Strategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1095-1121. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.275
De Costa, A. & Wickramasinghe, V. (2025). Transformational leadership and exploratory innovation: the moderating role of intrinsic motivation and environmental dynamism, International Journal of Economic Behavior, 15(1). https://journals.uniurb.it/index.php/ijmeb/issue/view/437
Deci, E.L., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of research in personality, 19(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
Dysvik, A., & Kuvaas, B. (2013). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as predictors of work effort: The moderating role of achievement goals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52(3), 412-430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02090.x
Gardner, D.G., & Wickramasinghe, V. (2023). Relationships between leadership styles and prosocial motivation depend on cultural values: A case study in Sri Lanka. Merits, 3, 445-458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ merits3030026
Gunasekara, A., Dahanayake, P., Attanayake, C., & Bertone, S. (2022). Paternalistic leadership as a double-edged sword: Analysis of the Sri Lankan President’s response to the COVID-19 crisis. Leadership, 18(4), 498-519. https://doi.org/10.1177/17427150221083784
He, Z.L., & Wong, P.K. (2004). Exploration vs. exploitation: An empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothe-sis. Organization Science, 15(4), 481-494. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1040.0078
Hou, B., Hong, J., & Zhu, R. (2019). Exploration/exploitation innovation and firm performance: the mediation of entre-preneurial orientation and moderation of competitive intensity. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 13(4), 489-506. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-11-2017-0206
Huang, T.Y., & Lin, C-P. (2021). Is paternalistic leadership a double-edged sword for team performance? The mediation of team identification and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 28(2), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051820979648
Jansen, J.J., Vera, D., & Crossan, M. (2009). Strategic leadership for exploration and exploitation: The moderating role of environmental dynamism. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.11.008
Jayasena, T.D.S.A., Wickramasinghe V.M., & Dasanayaka, S.W.S.B. (2005). Technology transfer: The role of culture in transferring technology. Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Business Management in Third World. Sri Lanka. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308094864
Jayawardane, T. V. P. & Wickramasinghe, V. M. (2022a). Financial effect on the adjustment of spouses during COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Sustainable Business, Economics and Finance, 1(1), 44-65. http://doi.org/10.31039/josbef.2022.1.1.3
Jayawardane, T., & Wickramasinghe, V. (2022b). Factors affecting couples’ interactions during Covid-19 in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Economic Behavior, 12(1), 45-61. https://doi.org/10.14276/2285-0430.3347
Jayawardane, T.V.P., & Wickramasinghe, V. (2022c). A study of couples' behaviour during the state regulated COVID-19 lockdown in a South Asian country. The Open COVID Journal, 2, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2174/26669587-v2-e2208231
Kim, U.M. (1994). Significance of paternalism and communalism in the occupational welfare system of Korean firms: A national survey. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectiv-ism: Theory, method, and applications, pp. 251-266. London: Sage.
Kim, T.T., & Lee, G. (2013). Hospitality employee knowledge-sharing behaviors in the relationship between goal orien-tations and service innovative behavior. International journal of hospitality management, 34, 324-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.009
Lee, A., Willis, S., & Tian, A.W. (2018). Empowering leadership: A meta‐analytic examination of incremental contribu-tion, mediation, and moderation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(3), 306-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2220
Levinthal, D.A., & March, J.G. (1993). The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14(S2), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250141009
Li, R., Chen, Z., Zhang, H., & Luo, J. (2021). How do authoritarian leadership and abusive supervision jointly thwart follower proactivity? A social control perspective. Journal of Management, 47(4), 930-956. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319878261
Li, H., Liu, H., & Chang, W.Y. (2024). Extrinsic motivation vs. intrinsic motivation: Key factors influencing farmers’ land quality protection behavior in China. Environmental Management, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-024-02088-9
Lu, L., Zhou, K., Wang, Y., & Zhu, S. (2022). Relationship between paternalistic leadership and employee innovation: A meta-analysis among Chinese samples. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 920006. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920006
March, J.G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2.1.71
Mom, T.J., Van Den Bosch, F.A., & Volberda, H.W. (2007). Investigating managers' exploration and exploitation activi-ties: The influence of top‐down, bottom‐up, and horizontal knowledge inflows. Journal of Management Studies, 44(6), 910–931. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00697.x
Nanayakkara, S.M., Wickramasinghe, V., & Samarasinghe, G.D. (2022). Customer service performance in bridging the gap between strategic management of technology and financial performance: evidence from the banking industry of Sri Lanka. Asian Journal of Marketing Management. 1(1), https://doi.org/10.31357/ajmm.v1i01.5466
Oehmichen, J., Heyden, M.L., Georgakakis, D., & Volberda, H.W. (2017). Boards of directors and organizational ambi-dexterity in knowledge-intensive firms. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(2), 283-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1244904
Osland, J.S., Franco, S., & Osland, A. (1999). Organizational implications of Latin American culture: Lessons for the expatriate manager. Journal of Management Inquiry, 8(2), 219-234. https://doi.org/10.1177/105649269982018
Padavic, I., & Earnest, W.R. (1994). Paternalism as a component of managerial strategy. Social Science Journal, 31(4), 389-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/0362-3319(94)90031-0
Pellegrini, E.K., & Scandura, T.A. (2008). Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34(3), 566-593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316063
Pérez-Luño, A., Gopalakrishnan, S., & Cabrera, R.V. (2014). Innovation and performance: The role of environmental dynamism on the success of innovation choices. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 61(3), 499-510. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2014.2318085
Reed, R. (1996). Entrepreneurialism and paternalism in Australian management: A gender critique of the ``self-made'' man. In D.L. Collinson, & J. Hearn (Eds.), Men as managers, managers as men: Critical perspectives on men, mascu-linities and managements. pp. 99-122, London: Sage.
Saeed, B.B., Afsar, B., Cheema, S., & Javed, F. (2019). Leader-member exchange and innovative work behavior: The role of creative process engagement, core self-evaluation, and domain knowledge. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22(1), 105-124. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-11-2017-0158
Schumpeter, J.A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Re-search Reference in Entrepreneurship. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496199
Shaw, K-H., & Liao, H-Y. (2021). Does benevolent leadership promote follower unethical pro-organizational behavior? A social identity perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 28(1), 31-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051820957996
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