How to cite this paper
Arwab, M., Ansari, J., Azhar, M & Ali, M. (2022). Exploring the influence of training and development on employee’s performance: Empirical evidence from the Indian tourism industry.Management Science Letters , 12(2), 89-100.
Refrences
Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 451–474. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505
Ahmad, T., Farrukh, F., & Nazir, S. (2015). Capacity building boost employee’s performance. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-05-2014-0036
Albrecht, S. L., & Marty, A. (2020). Personality, self-efficacy and job resources and their associations with employee en-gagement, affective commitment and turnover intentions. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(5), 657–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1362660
Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International Jour-nal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2013-0008
Ansari, J. A. N., & Khan, N. A. (2020). Exploring the role of social media in collaborative learning the new domain of learning. Smart Learning Environments, 7(1), 1-16.
Arbuckle, J. (2008). Amos 17.0 user's guide. SPSS Inc..
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing sci-ence, 16(1), 74-94.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bartlett, K. R. (2001). The relationship between training and organizational commitment: A study in the health care field. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(4), 335-352.
Bedarkar, M., & Pandita, D. (2014). A study on the drivers of employee engagement impacting employee performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.174
Bell, B. S., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kevin Ford, J., Noe, R. A., & Kraiger, K. (2017). 100 years of training and development re-search: What we know and where we should go. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000142.
Benson, J., & Fleishman, J. A. (1994). The robustness of maximum likelihood and distribution-free estimators to non-normality in confirmatory factor analysis. Quality and Quantity, 28(2), 117-136.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel se-lection research. Human performance, 10(2), 99-109.
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.
Bulut, C., & Culha, O. (2010). The effects of organizational training on organizational commitment. International Journal of Training and Development, 14(4), 309-322.
Chi, N. W., Wu, C. Y., & Lin, C. Y. Y. (2008). Does training facilitate SME's performance? International Journal of Hu-man Resource Management, 19(10), 1962-1975
Chung, N. G., & Angeline, T. (2010). Does work engagement mediate the relationship between job resources and job per-formance of employees? African Journal of Business Management, 4(9), 1837–1843.
Cole, G.A. (2002) Personnel and Human Resource Management. 5th Edition, York Publishers, Continuum London
Cravo, T. A. (2010). SMEs and economic growth in the Brazilian micro-regions. Papers in Regional Science, 89(4), 711-734
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
Cunningham, L. X. (2011). SMEs as motor of growth: a review of China's SMEs development in thirty years (1978-2008). Human Systems Management, 30(1), 39-54.
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological methods, 1(1), 16.
Dardar, A. H. A., Jusoh, A., & Rasli, A. (2012). The impact of job training, job satisfaction and alternative job opportuni-ties on job turnover in Libyan oil companies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 389-394.
De Saá-Pérez, P., Díaz-Díaz, N. L., & Ballesteros-Rodríguez, J. L. (2012). The role of training to innovate in SMEs. Inno-vation: Management, Policy and Practice, 14(2), 218–230. https://doi.org/10.5172/impp.2012.14.2.218
Dardar, A. H. A., Jusoh, A., & Rasli, A. (2012). The impact of job training, job satisfaction and alternative job opportuni-ties on job turnover in Libyan oil companies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 389-394.
Dhar, R. L. (2015). Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, 419-430.
Dias, Á., & Silva, R. (2016). Organizational training and organizational commitment: a literature review and conceptual development. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 3(1), 387-399.
Egan, T. M., Yang, B., & Bartlett, K. R. (2004). The effects of organizational learning culture and job satisfaction on mo-tivation to transfer learning and turnover intention. Human resource development quarterly, 15(3), 279-301.
Facteau, J. D., Dobbins, G. H., Russell, J. E. A., Ladd, R. T., & Kudisch, J. D. (1995). The influence of general perceptions of the training environment on pre-training motivation and perceived training transfer. Journal of Management.
Field, A. (2005). Factor analysis using SPSS. Retrieved March, 17(2019), 63-71.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Al-gebra and statistics.
Goldstein, I. L. (1980). Training in work organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 31(1), 229-272.
Griffin, M., Neal, A., & Neale, M. (2000). The contribution of task performance and contextual performance to effective-ness: Investigating the role of situational constraints. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 517-533.
Hafeez, U., & Akbar, W. (2015). Impact of training on employees performance: Evidence from pharmaceutical companies in Karachi, Pakistan. Business Management and Strategy, 6(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v6i1.7804
Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & W. C. (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Hair, J. F. (2009). Multivariate data analysis
Hair, J. F. (2011). Multivariate data analysis: An overview. International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, 904-907. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_395
Hanaysha, J., & Tahir, P. R. (2016). Examining the effects of employee empowerment, teamwork, and employee training on job satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.016
Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford university press.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international mar-keting. In New challenges to international marketing. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Islam, O. N. J. U. (2017). Enhancing organizational commitment and employee performance through employee engage-ment: an empirical check. Studies, 8(2), 146–165.
Johnson, K. R., Park, S., & Bartlett, K. R. (2018). Perceptions of customer service orientation, training, and employee en-gagement in Jamaica's hospitality sector. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(3–4), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-11-2017-0094
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Physical Review B, 36(5), 2607–2613. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.36.2607
Karatepe, O. M. (2013). High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work en-gagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32(1), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.05.003
Kerdpitak, C., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The impact of human resource management practices on competitive ad-vantage: Mediating role of employee engagement in Thailand. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(1), 443–452. https://doi.org/10.5530/srp.2020.1.56
Khan, A. A., Abbasi, S. O. B. H., Waseem, R. M., Ayaz, M., & Ijaz, M. (2016). Impact of training and development of em-ployees on employee performance through job satisfaction: A study of telecom sector of Pakistan. Business Manage-ment and Strategy, 7(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v7i1.9024
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C., Hildebrandt, V., Van Buuren, S., Van der Beek, A. J., & de Vet, H. C. (2013). Development of an individual work performance questionnaire. International journal of productivity and Performance Management.
Latham, G. P. (2011). Human resource training and development. In M. F. R. Kets de Vries & K. Korotov (Eds.), The in-ternational library of critical writings on business and management. Leadership development (p. 3–40). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Luntley, M. (2008). Training and learning. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 40(5), 695–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2008.00463.x
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x
Macey, W. H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K. M., & Young, S. A. (2011). Employee engagement: Tools for analysis, practice, and competitive advantage (Vol. 31). John Wiley & Sons.
Malhotra, N. K., Hall, J., Shaw, M., & Oppenheim, P. (2004). Essentials of marketing research: an applied orientation. Pearson Education Australia.
Manresa, A., Bikfalvi, A., & Simon, A. (2019). The impact of training and development practices on innovation and fi-nancial performance. Industrial and Commercial Training, 51(7–8), 421–444. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-04-2019-0035
Mathis, R.L. and Jackson, J.H. (2009), Human Resource Management, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.
Moutinho, L., & Hutcheson, G. (2014). Generalised linear models (GLM) in marketing.
Mcdowall, A., & Saunders, M. N. K. (2010). UK managers' conceptions of employee training and development, 34(7), 609–630. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591011070752
Memon, M. A., Salleh, R., Nordin, S. M., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., & Chuah, F. (2018). Person-organisation fit and turnover intention: The mediating role of work engagement. Journal of Management Development, 37(3), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-07-2017-0232
Menguc, B., Auh, S., Fisher, M., & Haddad, A. (2013). To be engaged or not to be engaged: The antecedents and conse-quences of service employee engagement. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2163–2170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.01.007
Nafukho, F. M., Hairston, N. R., & Brooks, K. (2004). Human capital theory: Implications for human resource develop-ment. Human Resource Development International, 7(4), 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886042000299843
Newman, A., Thanacoody, R., & Hui, W. (2011). The impact of employee perceptions of training on organizational com-mitment and turnover intentions: A study of multinationals in the Chinese service sector. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(8), 1765-1787.
Noe, R. A., & Kodwani, A. D. (2018). Employee training and development, 7e. McGraw-Hill Education. Science, Engi-neering & Technology, 3(1), 387-399.
Noe, R. A., & Wilk, S. L. (1993). Investigation of the factors that influence employees' participation in development activ-ities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 291.
Ocen, E., Francis, K., & Angundaru, G. (2017). The role of training in building employee commitment: the mediating ef-fect of job satisfaction. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(9), 742-757.
Orpen, C. (1999). The impact of self‐efficacy on the effectiveness of employee training. Journal of Workplace Learning.
Otoo, F. N. K., & Mishra, M. (2018a). Influence of human resource development (HRD) practices on hotel industry's per-formance: The role of employee competencies. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(7–8), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2017-0113
Paul, P., Roy, A., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2006). The impact of cultural values on marketing ethical norms: A study in India and the United States. Journal of International Marketing, 14(4), 28-56
Pradhan, R. K., & Jena, L. K. (2017). Employee performance at workplace: Conceptual model and empirical validation. Business Perspectives and Research, 5(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533716671630
Praida, P. K., & Sundaray, B. K. (2020). Training and employee engagement: An impact analysis. Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 22(11), 302–317.
Rawashdeh, A. M., & Tamimi, S. A. (2019). The impact of employee perceptions of training on organizational commit-ment and turnover intention: An empirical study of nurses in Jordanian hospitals. European Journal of Training and Development, 44(2–3), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2019-0112
Raykov & Marcoulides Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Sage.
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2000). A method for comparing completely standardized solutions in multiple groups. Structural equation modeling, 7(2), 292-308.
Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E.W. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(3), 289e298.
Rubel, M. R. B., & Kee, D. M. H. (2013). Perceived support and employee performance: The mediating role of employee engagement. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 2557-2567.
Saira, S., Mansoor, S., Ishaque, S., Ehtisham, S., & Ali, M. (2020). Training effectiveness and employee outcomes: a study of an Australian manufacturing organization. European Journal of Training and Development.
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kraiger, K., & Smith-Jentsch, K. A. (2012). The science of training and development in or-ganizations: What matters in practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Supplement, 13(2), 74–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436661
Sattar, T., Ahmad, K., & Hassan, S. M. (2015). Role of human resource practices in employee performance and job satis-faction with mediating effect of employee engagement. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 81-96.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. psychology press.
Shahzadi, I., Javed, A., Pirzada, S. S., Nasreen, S., & Khanam, F. (2014). Impact of employee motivation on employee per-formance. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(23), 159-166.
Sivapragasam, P., & Raya, R. P. (2018). HRM and employee engagement link: Mediating role of employee well-being. Global Business Review, 19(1), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150917713369
Solomon Markos, M. S. S. (2010). Employee engagement: The key to improving performance. International Journal of Management, 11(4), 108–126. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.4.2020.013
Sugianingrat, I. A. P. W., Widyawati, S. R., da Costa, C. A. D. J., Ximenes, M., Piedade, S. D. R., & Sarmawa, W. G. (2019). The employee engagement and OCB as mediating on employee performance. International Journal of Produc-tivity and Performance Management, 68(2), 319-339.
Susomrith, P., Coetzer, A., & Ampofo, E. (2019). Training and development in small professional services firms. Europe-an Journal of Training and Development, 43(5–6), 517–535. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-11-2018-0113
Swanson, R. A., Holton, E., & Holton, E. F. (2001). Foundations of human resource development. Berrett-Koehler Pub-lishers.
Sweetland, S. R. (1996). Human capital theory: Foundations of a field of inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066003341
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Tahir, N., Yousafzai, I. K., Jan, S., & Hashim, M. (2014). The impact of training and development on employees perfor-mance and productivity: A case study of United Bank Limited Peshawar City, KPK, Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(4), 86.
Taylor, R. (1990). Interpretation of the correlation coefficient: a basic review. Journal of diagnostic medical sonography, 6(1), 35-39.
Tannenbaum, S. I., & Yukl, G. (1992). Training and development in work organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 43(1), 399-441.
Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applica-tions. https://doi.org/10.1037/10694-000
Tu, Y.-T., Lin, S.-Y., & Chang, Y.-Y. (2011). A cross-cultural comparison by individualism/collectivism among Brazil, Russia, India and China.International Business Research, 4(2), 175-182
Uzonna, U. R. (2013). Impact of motivation on employees performance: A case study of Credit West Bank Cyprus. Jour-nal of Economics and International Finance, 5(5), 199-211.
Washington, K., Feinstein, A. H. and Busser, J. A. (2003). Evaluating the effect of training on perceptions of internal oc-cupational status. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22, 3, 243–65.
Wassem, M., Baig, S. A., Abrar, M., Hashim, M., Zia-Ur-Rehman, M., Awan, U., Amjad, F., & Nawab, Y. (2019). Impact of capacity building and managerial support on employees' performance: The moderating role of employees' retention. SAGE Open, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019859957
WTTC releases its annual travel and tourism economic impact 2020. (2020, September 26). Skyview Patnitop. https://skyviewpatnitop.com/blogs/wttc-annual-travel-tourism-economic-impact-2020/
Yi-Chun, L., & Jacobs, R. L. (2008). The perceptions of human resource development professionals in Taiwan regarding their working relationships with subject matter experts (SMEs) during the training design process. Human Resource Development International, 11(3), 237e252.
Ahmad, T., Farrukh, F., & Nazir, S. (2015). Capacity building boost employee’s performance. Industrial and Commercial Training, 47(2), 61–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-05-2014-0036
Albrecht, S. L., & Marty, A. (2020). Personality, self-efficacy and job resources and their associations with employee en-gagement, affective commitment and turnover intentions. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31(5), 657–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1362660
Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International Jour-nal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2013-0008
Ansari, J. A. N., & Khan, N. A. (2020). Exploring the role of social media in collaborative learning the new domain of learning. Smart Learning Environments, 7(1), 1-16.
Arbuckle, J. (2008). Amos 17.0 user's guide. SPSS Inc..
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing sci-ence, 16(1), 74-94.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Bartlett, K. R. (2001). The relationship between training and organizational commitment: A study in the health care field. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(4), 335-352.
Bedarkar, M., & Pandita, D. (2014). A study on the drivers of employee engagement impacting employee performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.174
Bell, B. S., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kevin Ford, J., Noe, R. A., & Kraiger, K. (2017). 100 years of training and development re-search: What we know and where we should go. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000142.
Benson, J., & Fleishman, J. A. (1994). The robustness of maximum likelihood and distribution-free estimators to non-normality in confirmatory factor analysis. Quality and Quantity, 28(2), 117-136.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1997). Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel se-lection research. Human performance, 10(2), 99-109.
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.
Bulut, C., & Culha, O. (2010). The effects of organizational training on organizational commitment. International Journal of Training and Development, 14(4), 309-322.
Chi, N. W., Wu, C. Y., & Lin, C. Y. Y. (2008). Does training facilitate SME's performance? International Journal of Hu-man Resource Management, 19(10), 1962-1975
Chung, N. G., & Angeline, T. (2010). Does work engagement mediate the relationship between job resources and job per-formance of employees? African Journal of Business Management, 4(9), 1837–1843.
Cole, G.A. (2002) Personnel and Human Resource Management. 5th Edition, York Publishers, Continuum London
Cravo, T. A. (2010). SMEs and economic growth in the Brazilian micro-regions. Papers in Regional Science, 89(4), 711-734
Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334.
Cunningham, L. X. (2011). SMEs as motor of growth: a review of China's SMEs development in thirty years (1978-2008). Human Systems Management, 30(1), 39-54.
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological methods, 1(1), 16.
Dardar, A. H. A., Jusoh, A., & Rasli, A. (2012). The impact of job training, job satisfaction and alternative job opportuni-ties on job turnover in Libyan oil companies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 389-394.
De Saá-Pérez, P., Díaz-Díaz, N. L., & Ballesteros-Rodríguez, J. L. (2012). The role of training to innovate in SMEs. Inno-vation: Management, Policy and Practice, 14(2), 218–230. https://doi.org/10.5172/impp.2012.14.2.218
Dardar, A. H. A., Jusoh, A., & Rasli, A. (2012). The impact of job training, job satisfaction and alternative job opportuni-ties on job turnover in Libyan oil companies. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 40, 389-394.
Dhar, R. L. (2015). Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, 419-430.
Dias, Á., & Silva, R. (2016). Organizational training and organizational commitment: a literature review and conceptual development. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, 3(1), 387-399.
Egan, T. M., Yang, B., & Bartlett, K. R. (2004). The effects of organizational learning culture and job satisfaction on mo-tivation to transfer learning and turnover intention. Human resource development quarterly, 15(3), 279-301.
Facteau, J. D., Dobbins, G. H., Russell, J. E. A., Ladd, R. T., & Kudisch, J. D. (1995). The influence of general perceptions of the training environment on pre-training motivation and perceived training transfer. Journal of Management.
Field, A. (2005). Factor analysis using SPSS. Retrieved March, 17(2019), 63-71.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Al-gebra and statistics.
Goldstein, I. L. (1980). Training in work organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 31(1), 229-272.
Griffin, M., Neal, A., & Neale, M. (2000). The contribution of task performance and contextual performance to effective-ness: Investigating the role of situational constraints. Applied Psychology, 49(3), 517-533.
Hafeez, U., & Akbar, W. (2015). Impact of training on employees performance: Evidence from pharmaceutical companies in Karachi, Pakistan. Business Management and Strategy, 6(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v6i1.7804
Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & W. C. (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
Hair, J. F. (2009). Multivariate data analysis
Hair, J. F. (2011). Multivariate data analysis: An overview. International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, 904-907. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_395
Hanaysha, J., & Tahir, P. R. (2016). Examining the effects of employee empowerment, teamwork, and employee training on job satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 272–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.016
Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford university press.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international mar-keting. In New challenges to international marketing. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Islam, O. N. J. U. (2017). Enhancing organizational commitment and employee performance through employee engage-ment: an empirical check. Studies, 8(2), 146–165.
Johnson, K. R., Park, S., & Bartlett, K. R. (2018). Perceptions of customer service orientation, training, and employee en-gagement in Jamaica's hospitality sector. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(3–4), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-11-2017-0094
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Physical Review B, 36(5), 2607–2613. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.36.2607
Karatepe, O. M. (2013). High-performance work practices and hotel employee performance: The mediation of work en-gagement. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32(1), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.05.003
Kerdpitak, C., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The impact of human resource management practices on competitive ad-vantage: Mediating role of employee engagement in Thailand. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(1), 443–452. https://doi.org/10.5530/srp.2020.1.56
Khan, A. A., Abbasi, S. O. B. H., Waseem, R. M., Ayaz, M., & Ijaz, M. (2016). Impact of training and development of em-ployees on employee performance through job satisfaction: A study of telecom sector of Pakistan. Business Manage-ment and Strategy, 7(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.5296/bms.v7i1.9024
Koopmans, L., Bernaards, C., Hildebrandt, V., Van Buuren, S., Van der Beek, A. J., & de Vet, H. C. (2013). Development of an individual work performance questionnaire. International journal of productivity and Performance Management.
Latham, G. P. (2011). Human resource training and development. In M. F. R. Kets de Vries & K. Korotov (Eds.), The in-ternational library of critical writings on business and management. Leadership development (p. 3–40). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Luntley, M. (2008). Training and learning. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 40(5), 695–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2008.00463.x
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of employee engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x
Macey, W. H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K. M., & Young, S. A. (2011). Employee engagement: Tools for analysis, practice, and competitive advantage (Vol. 31). John Wiley & Sons.
Malhotra, N. K., Hall, J., Shaw, M., & Oppenheim, P. (2004). Essentials of marketing research: an applied orientation. Pearson Education Australia.
Manresa, A., Bikfalvi, A., & Simon, A. (2019). The impact of training and development practices on innovation and fi-nancial performance. Industrial and Commercial Training, 51(7–8), 421–444. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-04-2019-0035
Mathis, R.L. and Jackson, J.H. (2009), Human Resource Management, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason, OH.
Moutinho, L., & Hutcheson, G. (2014). Generalised linear models (GLM) in marketing.
Mcdowall, A., & Saunders, M. N. K. (2010). UK managers' conceptions of employee training and development, 34(7), 609–630. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090591011070752
Memon, M. A., Salleh, R., Nordin, S. M., Cheah, J. H., Ting, H., & Chuah, F. (2018). Person-organisation fit and turnover intention: The mediating role of work engagement. Journal of Management Development, 37(3), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-07-2017-0232
Menguc, B., Auh, S., Fisher, M., & Haddad, A. (2013). To be engaged or not to be engaged: The antecedents and conse-quences of service employee engagement. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), 2163–2170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.01.007
Nafukho, F. M., Hairston, N. R., & Brooks, K. (2004). Human capital theory: Implications for human resource develop-ment. Human Resource Development International, 7(4), 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1080/1367886042000299843
Newman, A., Thanacoody, R., & Hui, W. (2011). The impact of employee perceptions of training on organizational com-mitment and turnover intentions: A study of multinationals in the Chinese service sector. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(8), 1765-1787.
Noe, R. A., & Kodwani, A. D. (2018). Employee training and development, 7e. McGraw-Hill Education. Science, Engi-neering & Technology, 3(1), 387-399.
Noe, R. A., & Wilk, S. L. (1993). Investigation of the factors that influence employees' participation in development activ-ities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 291.
Ocen, E., Francis, K., & Angundaru, G. (2017). The role of training in building employee commitment: the mediating ef-fect of job satisfaction. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(9), 742-757.
Orpen, C. (1999). The impact of self‐efficacy on the effectiveness of employee training. Journal of Workplace Learning.
Otoo, F. N. K., & Mishra, M. (2018a). Influence of human resource development (HRD) practices on hotel industry's per-formance: The role of employee competencies. European Journal of Training and Development, 42(7–8), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-12-2017-0113
Paul, P., Roy, A., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2006). The impact of cultural values on marketing ethical norms: A study in India and the United States. Journal of International Marketing, 14(4), 28-56
Pradhan, R. K., & Jena, L. K. (2017). Employee performance at workplace: Conceptual model and empirical validation. Business Perspectives and Research, 5(1), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533716671630
Praida, P. K., & Sundaray, B. K. (2020). Training and employee engagement: An impact analysis. Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 22(11), 302–317.
Rawashdeh, A. M., & Tamimi, S. A. (2019). The impact of employee perceptions of training on organizational commit-ment and turnover intention: An empirical study of nurses in Jordanian hospitals. European Journal of Training and Development, 44(2–3), 191–207. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2019-0112
Raykov & Marcoulides Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Sage.
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2000). A method for comparing completely standardized solutions in multiple groups. Structural equation modeling, 7(2), 292-308.
Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E.W. (1995). Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(3), 289e298.
Rubel, M. R. B., & Kee, D. M. H. (2013). Perceived support and employee performance: The mediating role of employee engagement. Life Science Journal, 10(4), 2557-2567.
Saira, S., Mansoor, S., Ishaque, S., Ehtisham, S., & Ali, M. (2020). Training effectiveness and employee outcomes: a study of an Australian manufacturing organization. European Journal of Training and Development.
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Salas, E., Tannenbaum, S. I., Kraiger, K., & Smith-Jentsch, K. A. (2012). The science of training and development in or-ganizations: What matters in practice. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Supplement, 13(2), 74–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436661
Sattar, T., Ahmad, K., & Hassan, S. M. (2015). Role of human resource practices in employee performance and job satis-faction with mediating effect of employee engagement. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 81-96.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. psychology press.
Shahzadi, I., Javed, A., Pirzada, S. S., Nasreen, S., & Khanam, F. (2014). Impact of employee motivation on employee per-formance. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(23), 159-166.
Sivapragasam, P., & Raya, R. P. (2018). HRM and employee engagement link: Mediating role of employee well-being. Global Business Review, 19(1), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150917713369
Solomon Markos, M. S. S. (2010). Employee engagement: The key to improving performance. International Journal of Management, 11(4), 108–126. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.4.2020.013
Sugianingrat, I. A. P. W., Widyawati, S. R., da Costa, C. A. D. J., Ximenes, M., Piedade, S. D. R., & Sarmawa, W. G. (2019). The employee engagement and OCB as mediating on employee performance. International Journal of Produc-tivity and Performance Management, 68(2), 319-339.
Susomrith, P., Coetzer, A., & Ampofo, E. (2019). Training and development in small professional services firms. Europe-an Journal of Training and Development, 43(5–6), 517–535. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-11-2018-0113
Swanson, R. A., Holton, E., & Holton, E. F. (2001). Foundations of human resource development. Berrett-Koehler Pub-lishers.
Sweetland, S. R. (1996). Human capital theory: Foundations of a field of inquiry. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066003341
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Tahir, N., Yousafzai, I. K., Jan, S., & Hashim, M. (2014). The impact of training and development on employees perfor-mance and productivity: A case study of United Bank Limited Peshawar City, KPK, Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(4), 86.
Taylor, R. (1990). Interpretation of the correlation coefficient: a basic review. Journal of diagnostic medical sonography, 6(1), 35-39.
Tannenbaum, S. I., & Yukl, G. (1992). Training and development in work organizations. Annual Review of Psychology, 43(1), 399-441.
Thompson, B. (2004). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applica-tions. https://doi.org/10.1037/10694-000
Tu, Y.-T., Lin, S.-Y., & Chang, Y.-Y. (2011). A cross-cultural comparison by individualism/collectivism among Brazil, Russia, India and China.International Business Research, 4(2), 175-182
Uzonna, U. R. (2013). Impact of motivation on employees performance: A case study of Credit West Bank Cyprus. Jour-nal of Economics and International Finance, 5(5), 199-211.
Washington, K., Feinstein, A. H. and Busser, J. A. (2003). Evaluating the effect of training on perceptions of internal oc-cupational status. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22, 3, 243–65.
Wassem, M., Baig, S. A., Abrar, M., Hashim, M., Zia-Ur-Rehman, M., Awan, U., Amjad, F., & Nawab, Y. (2019). Impact of capacity building and managerial support on employees' performance: The moderating role of employees' retention. SAGE Open, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019859957
WTTC releases its annual travel and tourism economic impact 2020. (2020, September 26). Skyview Patnitop. https://skyviewpatnitop.com/blogs/wttc-annual-travel-tourism-economic-impact-2020/
Yi-Chun, L., & Jacobs, R. L. (2008). The perceptions of human resource development professionals in Taiwan regarding their working relationships with subject matter experts (SMEs) during the training design process. Human Resource Development International, 11(3), 237e252.