How to cite this paper
Chinedu, A., Haron, S., Hashim, A & Ho, J. (2021). Consumers’ attitudes towards purchase intention for local brand automobiles manufactured in Malaysia.Management Science Letters , 11(5), 1629-1638.
Refrences
Agbonifoh, B. A., & Elimimian, J. U. (1999). Attitudes of developing countries towards country-of-origin products in an era of multiple brands. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 11(4), 97-116.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Bahaee, M., & Pisani, M. J. (2009). Are Iranian consumers poised to buy American in a hostile bilateral environment? Business Horizons, 52(3), 223-232.
Becic, M. (2017). An assessment of consumer ethnocentrism tendencies scale among university students: The case of Turkish and Bosnian student Inquiry. Sarajevo Journal of Society Sciences, 2(1), 119-130.
Berry, J. W. (1980). Introduction to methodology. in Triandis, H.C. and Berry, J.W. (Eds), The Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, Vol. 2, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA, pp. 1-29.
Bilkey, W. J., & Nes, E. (1982). Country-of-origin effects on product evaluations. Journal of International Business Stud-ies, 13(1), 89-99.
Chinedu, A. H., Haron, S. A., Hashim, A, H., & Ho, J. A. (2020). Consumers’ Attitudes Towards Locally Manufactured High Involvement Products: A Systematic Review. Asian Social Science, 16(12), pp. 80-92.
Cicic, M., Brkic, N., & Praso-Krupalija, M. (2003). Consumer animosity and ethnocentrism in Bosnia and Herzegovina: the case of a developing country in a post-ware time. Akademija MM-Slovenian Marketing Research Journal, 6(10), 59-73.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Correa, S., & Parente-Laverde, A.-M. (2017). Consumer Ethnocentrism, Country Image and Local Brand Preference: The Case of the Colombian Textile, Apparel and Leather Industry. Global Business Review, 18(5), 1111-1123.
Craig, C. S., & Douglas, S. P. (2000), International Marketing Research, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, NY.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed approaches (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Cui, G., Lui, H., Chan, T., & Joy, A. (2012). Decomposition of cross‐country differences in consumer attitudes toward marketing. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(3), 214-224. Doi:10.1108/07363761211221747.
De Waal, F. (1982). Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. London: Jonathan Cape.
Dunbar, R. (1996). Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fazio, R. H., Powell, M. C., & William, C. J. (1989). The role of attitude accessibility in the attitude-to-behavior process. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(3), 280-8.
Finstad, K. (2010). Response Interpolation and Scale Sensitivity: Evidence against 5-Point Scales. Journal of Usability Studies, 5(3), pp. 104-110.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Addi-son-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub Co.
Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations: Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing. New York: Free Press.
George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update, 10th ed. Boston: Pearson.
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral Foundations Theory. Ad-vances in Experimental Social Psychology, pp. 55-130. Doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4.
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis, 7th ed. Upper saddle River NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1014.
Hofstede-Insights. COMPARE COUNTRIES. Available at: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/.
Jin Lee, W., Phau, I., & Roy, R. (2013). “Bonds” or “Calvin Klein” Down‐under. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Man-agement: An International Journal, 17(1), 65-84. Doi:10.1108/13612021311305146.
John, A. V., & Brady, M. P. (2011). Consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes toward South African consumables in Mozambique. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 2(1), pp. 72-93.
Karoui, S., & Khemakhem, R. (2019). Consumer ethnocentrism in developing countries. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(2), pp. 63-71. Doi:10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.04.002.
Khan, A. F. (2015). Assessment of Midlife career Stress on Indian Managers. Ph.D Thesis. Aligarh Muslim University.
Kim, Y., & Han, H. (2010). Intention to pay conventional-hotel prices at a green hotel - a modification of the theo-ry of planned behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(8), 997-1014. doi:10.1080/09669582.2010.490300.
Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R., & Krishnan, B. C. (2006). Extending the construct of consumer ethnocentrism: when foreign products are preferred. International Marketing Review, 23(3), pp. 304-21.
Kumar, A., Fairhurst, A., & Kim, Y.-K. (2011). Ethnocentric tendencies of Indian consumers: Impact on preference for domestic versus foreign products. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 21(4), 323-341.
Kumar, A., Fairhurst, A., & Kim, Y.-K. (2013). The role of personal cultural orientation in consumer ethnocentrism among Indian consumers. Journal of Indian Business Research, 5(4), pp. 235-250. doi:10.1108/jibr-02-2013-0018.
Lantz, G. & Loeb, S. (1996). Country of origin and ethnocentrism: an analysis of Canadian and American preferences using social identity theory. Advances in Consumer Research, 23, 374-378.
Lobo, A., & Greenland, S. (2017). The influence of cultural values on green purchase behaviour. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(3), 377-396
Lotz, S. L., & Hu, M. Y. (2001). Diluting negative country of origin stereotypes: a social stereotype approach. Journal of Marketing Management, 17(1/2),105‐35.
Mangnale, V. S., Potluri, R. M., & Degufu, H. (2011). A study on ethnocentric tendencies of Ethiopian consumers. Asian Journal of Business Management, 3(4), 241-250.
Makanyeza, C. (2014). Measuring Consumer Attitude towards Imported Poultry Meat Products in a Developing Market: An Assessment of Reliability, Validity and Dimensionality of the Tri-Component Attitude Model. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 874-881. Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p874.
Makanyeza, C., & Du Toit, F. (2017). Consumer ethnocentrism in developing countries: Application of a model in Zimbabwe. Acta Commercii, 17(1), 1-9.
Mensah, E. C., Bahhouth, V., & Ziemnowicz, C. (2011). Ethnocentrism and purchase decisions among Ghanaian consum-ers. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 12(4), pp. 20- 25.
Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (6th ed.) Boston: Allyn and Beacon.
Oaten, M., Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2009). Disgust as a disease avoidance mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 135, pp. 303-321.
Paultan.org (2018). Proton records 70,991 units sold in 2017, down 1.8%. Available at: https://paultan.org/2018/01/08/proton-sales-result-end-2017/.
Perner, L. (2010). Consumer behavior: the psychology of marketing. Available at: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/.
Ranjbarian, B., Morteza, R., & Mirzaei, A. (2010). Consumer ethnocentrism and buying intentions: An empirical analysis of Iranian consumers. European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(3), 371-386.
Saffu, K., Walker, J.H. and Mazurek, M. (2010). The role of consumer ethnocentrism in a buy national campaign in a tran-sitioning country: Some evidence from Slovakia. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 5(2), pp. 203-226.
Samiee, S. (1994). Customer evaluation of products in a global market. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(3), 579‐604.
Samoui, F. (2009). Effet de l’origine perçue du nom de marque sur les perceptions du consommateur: cas du consomma-teur de pays emergents 8th international congress marketing trends, Paris (2009), p. 27
Schrank, Z., & Running, K. (2016). Individualist and collectivist consumer motivations in local organic food markets. Journal of Consumer Culture, 18(1), pp. 184-201.
Shavitt, S., & Barnes, A. J. (2020). Culture and the consumer journey. Journal of Retailing, 96(1), pp. 40-54.
Shimp, T. A. (1984). Consumer ethnocentrism: The concept and a preliminary empirical test. Association for Consumer Research, 11, 285-290.
Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (1987). Consumer ethnocentrism: Construction and validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(3), 280-289.
Shu, S. T., Strombeck, S., & Hsieh, C. L. (2013). Consumer ethnocentrism, self-image congruence and local brand prefer-ence: A cross-national examination. Asia Pacific Management Review, 18(1), 43-61.
Sreen, N., Purbey, S., & Sadarangani, P. (2018). Impact of culture, behavior and gender on green purchase intention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, 177-189.
Stenner, K. (2005). The authoritarian dynamic. New York: Cambridge
Sumner, G. A. (1906). Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores and Mor-als, Wiley, New York, NY.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). An Integrated Model of Waste Management Behavior. Environment and Behavior, 27(5), 603-630. Doi:10.1177/0013916595275001.
Teo, P.C., Mohamad, O., & Ramayah, T. (2011). Testing the dimensionality of Consumer Ethnocentrism Scale (CE-TSCALE) among a young Malaysian consumer market segment. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7), 2805-2816.
The Star (2020). New minimum wage gazette. Available at: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/14/new-minimum-wage-gazetted.
Triandis, H. C., Brislin, R., & Hui, C. H. (1988). Cross-cultural training across the individualism-collectivism divide. In-ternational Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12(3), 269-289.
Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
Tsai, W. H., Lee, W. N., & Song, Y. A. (2013). A cross-cultural study of consumer ethnocentrism between China and the U.S. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 25(2), 80-93.
Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (1999). Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. Journal of Per-sonality and Social Psychology, 77(2), pp. 279-286.
Verlegh, P. W. J., Jan-Benedict, E., & Steenkamp, M. (1997). Country-of-origin effects – A meta-analytic review Paper presented at marketing: Progress, prospects, perspectives, Warwick Business School UK, pp. 2136-2140.
Vida, I., & Fairhurst, A. (1999). Factors underlying the phenomenon of consumer ethnocentricity: Evidence from four central European countries. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 9(4), 321-337.
Vida, I., Dmitrovic, T., & Obadia, C. (2008). The role of ethnic affiliation in consumer ethnocentrism. European Journal of Marketing, 42(3/4), pp. 327-43.
Vijayakumar, V., & Brezinova, O. (2012). An empirical study on visibility of conspicuous consumption motives of con-sumers in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Trade Economics and Finance, 3(3), 239-244.
Yildiz, H., Heitz-Spahn, S., & Belaud, L. (2018). Do ethnocentric consumers really buy local products? Journal of Retail-ing and Consumer Services, 43, 139-148.
Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstede’s Five Dimensions of Cultural Values at the Individ-ual Level: Development and Validation of CVSCALE. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3), 193-210.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Bahaee, M., & Pisani, M. J. (2009). Are Iranian consumers poised to buy American in a hostile bilateral environment? Business Horizons, 52(3), 223-232.
Becic, M. (2017). An assessment of consumer ethnocentrism tendencies scale among university students: The case of Turkish and Bosnian student Inquiry. Sarajevo Journal of Society Sciences, 2(1), 119-130.
Berry, J. W. (1980). Introduction to methodology. in Triandis, H.C. and Berry, J.W. (Eds), The Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology, Vol. 2, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, MA, pp. 1-29.
Bilkey, W. J., & Nes, E. (1982). Country-of-origin effects on product evaluations. Journal of International Business Stud-ies, 13(1), 89-99.
Chinedu, A. H., Haron, S. A., Hashim, A, H., & Ho, J. A. (2020). Consumers’ Attitudes Towards Locally Manufactured High Involvement Products: A Systematic Review. Asian Social Science, 16(12), pp. 80-92.
Cicic, M., Brkic, N., & Praso-Krupalija, M. (2003). Consumer animosity and ethnocentrism in Bosnia and Herzegovina: the case of a developing country in a post-ware time. Akademija MM-Slovenian Marketing Research Journal, 6(10), 59-73.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Correa, S., & Parente-Laverde, A.-M. (2017). Consumer Ethnocentrism, Country Image and Local Brand Preference: The Case of the Colombian Textile, Apparel and Leather Industry. Global Business Review, 18(5), 1111-1123.
Craig, C. S., & Douglas, S. P. (2000), International Marketing Research, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, NY.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed approaches (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Cui, G., Lui, H., Chan, T., & Joy, A. (2012). Decomposition of cross‐country differences in consumer attitudes toward marketing. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(3), 214-224. Doi:10.1108/07363761211221747.
De Waal, F. (1982). Chimpanzee politics: Power and sex among apes. London: Jonathan Cape.
Dunbar, R. (1996). Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fazio, R. H., Powell, M. C., & William, C. J. (1989). The role of attitude accessibility in the attitude-to-behavior process. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(3), 280-8.
Finstad, K. (2010). Response Interpolation and Scale Sensitivity: Evidence against 5-Point Scales. Journal of Usability Studies, 5(3), pp. 104-110.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Addi-son-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub Co.
Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations: Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing. New York: Free Press.
George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update, 10th ed. Boston: Pearson.
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral Foundations Theory. Ad-vances in Experimental Social Psychology, pp. 55-130. Doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4.
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York: Pantheon.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis, 7th ed. Upper saddle River NJ, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hofstede, G. (2011). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1). doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1014.
Hofstede-Insights. COMPARE COUNTRIES. Available at: https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries/.
Jin Lee, W., Phau, I., & Roy, R. (2013). “Bonds” or “Calvin Klein” Down‐under. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Man-agement: An International Journal, 17(1), 65-84. Doi:10.1108/13612021311305146.
John, A. V., & Brady, M. P. (2011). Consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes toward South African consumables in Mozambique. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 2(1), pp. 72-93.
Karoui, S., & Khemakhem, R. (2019). Consumer ethnocentrism in developing countries. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 25(2), pp. 63-71. Doi:10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.04.002.
Khan, A. F. (2015). Assessment of Midlife career Stress on Indian Managers. Ph.D Thesis. Aligarh Muslim University.
Kim, Y., & Han, H. (2010). Intention to pay conventional-hotel prices at a green hotel - a modification of the theo-ry of planned behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(8), 997-1014. doi:10.1080/09669582.2010.490300.
Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R., & Krishnan, B. C. (2006). Extending the construct of consumer ethnocentrism: when foreign products are preferred. International Marketing Review, 23(3), pp. 304-21.
Kumar, A., Fairhurst, A., & Kim, Y.-K. (2011). Ethnocentric tendencies of Indian consumers: Impact on preference for domestic versus foreign products. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 21(4), 323-341.
Kumar, A., Fairhurst, A., & Kim, Y.-K. (2013). The role of personal cultural orientation in consumer ethnocentrism among Indian consumers. Journal of Indian Business Research, 5(4), pp. 235-250. doi:10.1108/jibr-02-2013-0018.
Lantz, G. & Loeb, S. (1996). Country of origin and ethnocentrism: an analysis of Canadian and American preferences using social identity theory. Advances in Consumer Research, 23, 374-378.
Lobo, A., & Greenland, S. (2017). The influence of cultural values on green purchase behaviour. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(3), 377-396
Lotz, S. L., & Hu, M. Y. (2001). Diluting negative country of origin stereotypes: a social stereotype approach. Journal of Marketing Management, 17(1/2),105‐35.
Mangnale, V. S., Potluri, R. M., & Degufu, H. (2011). A study on ethnocentric tendencies of Ethiopian consumers. Asian Journal of Business Management, 3(4), 241-250.
Makanyeza, C. (2014). Measuring Consumer Attitude towards Imported Poultry Meat Products in a Developing Market: An Assessment of Reliability, Validity and Dimensionality of the Tri-Component Attitude Model. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 874-881. Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p874.
Makanyeza, C., & Du Toit, F. (2017). Consumer ethnocentrism in developing countries: Application of a model in Zimbabwe. Acta Commercii, 17(1), 1-9.
Mensah, E. C., Bahhouth, V., & Ziemnowicz, C. (2011). Ethnocentrism and purchase decisions among Ghanaian consum-ers. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 12(4), pp. 20- 25.
Neuman, W. L. (2006). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (6th ed.) Boston: Allyn and Beacon.
Oaten, M., Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2009). Disgust as a disease avoidance mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 135, pp. 303-321.
Paultan.org (2018). Proton records 70,991 units sold in 2017, down 1.8%. Available at: https://paultan.org/2018/01/08/proton-sales-result-end-2017/.
Perner, L. (2010). Consumer behavior: the psychology of marketing. Available at: http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/.
Ranjbarian, B., Morteza, R., & Mirzaei, A. (2010). Consumer ethnocentrism and buying intentions: An empirical analysis of Iranian consumers. European Journal of Social Sciences, 13(3), 371-386.
Saffu, K., Walker, J.H. and Mazurek, M. (2010). The role of consumer ethnocentrism in a buy national campaign in a tran-sitioning country: Some evidence from Slovakia. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 5(2), pp. 203-226.
Samiee, S. (1994). Customer evaluation of products in a global market. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(3), 579‐604.
Samoui, F. (2009). Effet de l’origine perçue du nom de marque sur les perceptions du consommateur: cas du consomma-teur de pays emergents 8th international congress marketing trends, Paris (2009), p. 27
Schrank, Z., & Running, K. (2016). Individualist and collectivist consumer motivations in local organic food markets. Journal of Consumer Culture, 18(1), pp. 184-201.
Shavitt, S., & Barnes, A. J. (2020). Culture and the consumer journey. Journal of Retailing, 96(1), pp. 40-54.
Shimp, T. A. (1984). Consumer ethnocentrism: The concept and a preliminary empirical test. Association for Consumer Research, 11, 285-290.
Shimp, T. A., & Sharma, S. (1987). Consumer ethnocentrism: Construction and validation of the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(3), 280-289.
Shu, S. T., Strombeck, S., & Hsieh, C. L. (2013). Consumer ethnocentrism, self-image congruence and local brand prefer-ence: A cross-national examination. Asia Pacific Management Review, 18(1), 43-61.
Sreen, N., Purbey, S., & Sadarangani, P. (2018). Impact of culture, behavior and gender on green purchase intention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, 177-189.
Stenner, K. (2005). The authoritarian dynamic. New York: Cambridge
Sumner, G. A. (1906). Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores and Mor-als, Wiley, New York, NY.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). An Integrated Model of Waste Management Behavior. Environment and Behavior, 27(5), 603-630. Doi:10.1177/0013916595275001.
Teo, P.C., Mohamad, O., & Ramayah, T. (2011). Testing the dimensionality of Consumer Ethnocentrism Scale (CE-TSCALE) among a young Malaysian consumer market segment. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7), 2805-2816.
The Star (2020). New minimum wage gazette. Available at: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2020/01/14/new-minimum-wage-gazetted.
Triandis, H. C., Brislin, R., & Hui, C. H. (1988). Cross-cultural training across the individualism-collectivism divide. In-ternational Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12(3), 269-289.
Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
Tsai, W. H., Lee, W. N., & Song, Y. A. (2013). A cross-cultural study of consumer ethnocentrism between China and the U.S. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 25(2), 80-93.
Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (1999). Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. Journal of Per-sonality and Social Psychology, 77(2), pp. 279-286.
Verlegh, P. W. J., Jan-Benedict, E., & Steenkamp, M. (1997). Country-of-origin effects – A meta-analytic review Paper presented at marketing: Progress, prospects, perspectives, Warwick Business School UK, pp. 2136-2140.
Vida, I., & Fairhurst, A. (1999). Factors underlying the phenomenon of consumer ethnocentricity: Evidence from four central European countries. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 9(4), 321-337.
Vida, I., Dmitrovic, T., & Obadia, C. (2008). The role of ethnic affiliation in consumer ethnocentrism. European Journal of Marketing, 42(3/4), pp. 327-43.
Vijayakumar, V., & Brezinova, O. (2012). An empirical study on visibility of conspicuous consumption motives of con-sumers in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Trade Economics and Finance, 3(3), 239-244.
Yildiz, H., Heitz-Spahn, S., & Belaud, L. (2018). Do ethnocentric consumers really buy local products? Journal of Retail-ing and Consumer Services, 43, 139-148.
Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring Hofstede’s Five Dimensions of Cultural Values at the Individ-ual Level: Development and Validation of CVSCALE. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3), 193-210.