How to cite this paper
Nasir, M., Mohamad, M., Ghani, N & Afthanorhan, A. (2020). Testing mediation roles of place attachment and tourist satisfaction on destination attractiveness and destination loyalty relationship using phantom approach.Management Science Letters , 10(2), 443-454.
Refrences
Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., Rashid, N., Foziah, H., & Ghazali, P. (2019). Assessing the effects of service quality on cus-tomer satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 9(1), 13-24.
Akroush, M. N., Jraisat, L. E., Kurdieh, D. J., AL-Faouri, R. N., & Qatu, L. T. (2016). Tourism service quality and destina-tion loyalty - the mediating role of destination image from international tourists’ perspectives. Tourism Review, 71(1).
Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C., & Meligdis, A. (2006). Increasing customers' loyalty in a skiing resort: The contribution of place attachment and service quality. International journal of contemporary hospitality management, 18(5), 414-425.
Augustin, R., Kedah moves to protect Langkawi’s Unesco status, (2018), https:// www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/03/25/kedah-moves-to-protect-langkawis-unesco-status/, assessed on 4 March 2019.
Brown, G., Smith, A., & Assaker, G. (2016). Revisiting the host city: An empirical examination of sport involvement, place attachment, event satisfaction and spectator intentions at the London Olympics. Tourism Management, 55, 160-172.
Burn, A. C., Veeck, A., & Bush, R. F. (2017). Marketing Research (8th ed.). Malaysia: Pearson Education Limited.
Chen, J. S., & Gursoy, D. (2001). An investigation of tourists’ destination loyalty and preference. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(2), 79-85.
Chi, C. G., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destina-tion loyalty: An integrated approach, Tourism Management, 29, 624-636.
Chien, M. C. (2016). An empirical study on the effect of attractiveness of ecotourism destination on experiential value and revisit intention. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 15(2), 43-53.
Chiu, W., Zeng, S., & Cheng, P. S. T. (2016). The influence of destination image and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty: a case study of Chinese tourists in Korea. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(2), 223–234.
Dwivedi, A., Nayeem, T., & Murshed, F. (2018). Brand experience and consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) a price premium: Mediating role of brand credibility and perceived uniqueness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Ser-vices, 44, 100-107.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). United States: Pear-son Education Limited.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hosany, S., Prayag, G., Van Der Veen, R., Huang, S., & Deesilatham, S. (2017). Mediating effects of place attachment and satisfaction on the relationship between tourists’ emotions and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Re-search, 56(8), 1079-1093.
Hsu, C., Killion, L., Brown, G., Gross, M. J., & Huang, S. (2008). Tourism marketing: an Asia – Pacific perspective. Mil-ton, Qld: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
Hu, Y., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). Measuring destination attractiveness: A contextual approach. Journal of Travel Re-search, 32(2), 25–34.
Kim, H., Woo, E., & Uysal, M. (2015). Tourism experience and quality of life among elderly tourists. Tourism Manage-ment, 46, 465-476.
Kim, K. H., & Park, D. B. (2017). Relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty: Community-based eco-tourism in Korea. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(2), 171-191.
Kim, S. H., Holland, S., & Han, H. S. (2013). A structural model for examining how destination image, perceived value, and service quality affect destination loyalty: A case study of Orlando. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(4), 313-328.
Kim, S., Lee, Y. K., & Lee, C. K. (2017). The moderating effect of place attachment on the relationship between festival quality and behavioral intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), 49-63.
Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ behavior at two district destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 784-807.
Langkawi Development Authority (2018). LADA Annual REPORT 2016. Retrieved on 2 Oct 2018 from https://www.lada.gov.my/media-dan-arkib/penerbitan/laporan-tahunan
Lee, C. K., Yoon, Y. S., & Lee, S. K. (2007). Investigating the relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and recommendations: The case of the Korean DMZ. Tourism management, 28(1), 204-214.
Lee, T. H., & Shen, Y. L. (2013). The influence of leisure involvement and place attachment on destination loyalty: Evi-dence from recreationists walking their dogs in urban parks. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 33, 76-85.
Leong, A. M. W., Yeh, S. S., Hsiao, Y. C., & Huan, T. C. T. (2015). Nostalgia as travel motivation and its impact on tour-ists' loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 68(1), 81-86.
Lin, C. H., & Kuo, B. Z. L. (2016). The behavioral consequences of tourist experience. Tourism Management Perspec-tives, 18, 84-91.
Liu, X., Fu, Y., & Li, J. (2017). The effect of on-site experience and place attachment on loyalty: Evidence from Chinese tourists in a hot-spring resort. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1-26.
Liu, X., Li, J., & Kim, W. G. (2017). The role of travel experience in the structural relationships among tourists’ perceived image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(2), 135-146.
Loureiro, S. M. C. (2014). The role of the rural tourism experience economy in place attachment and behavioral inten-tions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 40, 1-9.
Marković, S., Lončarić, D., & Lončarić, D. (2014). Service quality and customer satisfaction in the health care industry-towards health tourism market. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 20(2), 155-170.
Masa’deh, R. E., Nasseef, M. A., Alkoudary, A., Mansour, H., & Aldarabah, M. (2017). The Impact of Motivation for At-tendance on Destination Loyalty via the Mediating Effect of Tourist Satisfaction. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(4), 34.
Meng, F., Tepanon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2008). Measuring tourist satisfaction by attribute and motivation: The case of a na-ture-based resort. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(1), 41-56.
Mingfang, Z. (2010). Examining the structural relationships of tourist characteristics and destination satisfaction. In International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics IPEDR, Hong Kong.
Mohamad, M., & Ab Ghani, N., I. (2014). The impact of tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty among European tour-ists visiting Malaysia. International Journal of Management Sciences, 2(8), 362-371.
Mohamad, M., Ab Ghani, N. I., Mamat, M., & Mamat, I. (2014). Satisfaction as a mediator to the relationships between destination image and loyalty. World Applied Sciences Journal, 30(9), 1113-1123.
Mohamad, M., Ali, A. M., & Ab Ghani, N. I. (2011). A structural model of destination image, tourists’ satisfaction and destination loyalty. International journal of business and management studies, 3(2), 167-177.
Mohamad, M., Ali, M., Salim, N. A., Ghani, A., Izzati, N., Halim, A., & Loganathan, N. (2015). Effects of the Malaysian Travel Destination Brand Image on Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty. American-Eurasian Journal of Agri-culture & Environmental Science(Tourism & Environment, Social and Management Sciences), 15, 61-72.
Mohamad, M., Mohammad, M., Mat Ali, N. A., & Awang, Z. (2018). The impact of life satisfaction on substance abuse: delinquency as a mediator. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(1), 25-35.
Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of marketing, 63, 33-44.
Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39, 78-84.
Phillips, W. J., Wolfe, K., Hodur, N., & Leistritz, F. L. (2011). Tourist word of mouth and revisit intentions to rural tour-ism destinations: A case of North Dakota, USA. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), 93-104.
Plomp, J., Tims, M., Khapova, S. N., Jansen, P., & Bakker, A. (2019). Psychological safety, job crafting, and employabil-ity. A comparison between permanent and temporary workers. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 974.
Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2012). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius: The role and influence of destination image, place attachment, personal involvement, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342-356.
Rajaratnam, S. D., Nair, V., Pahlevan Sharif, S., & Munikrishnan, U. T. (2015). Destination quality and tourists’ behav-ioural intentions: rural tourist destinations in Malaysia. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5), 463-472.
Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Kneebone, S. (2014). Visitor satisfaction and place attachment in national parks. Tourism Analysis, 19(3), 287-300.
Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relation-ships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviours: A structural equation modelling approach. Tourism Management, 36, 552–566.
Ramseook-Munhurrun, P., Seebaluck, V. N., & Naidoo, P. (2015). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, perceived value, tourist satisfaction and loyalty: case of Mauritius. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Scienc-es, 175, 252-259.
Reichheld, F. & Sasser, W. (1990). Zero defects: Quality comes to services. Harvard Business Review, 105-111.
Schiffman, L. G. & Kanuk, L. L. (2010). Consumer behavior (9th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Song, H. M., Kim, K. S., & Yim, B. H. (2017). The mediating effect of place attachment on the relationship between golf tourism destination image and revisit intention. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(11), 1182-1193.
Su, L., Swanson, S. R., & Chen, X. (2016). The effects of perceived service quality on repurchase intentions and subjec-tive well-being of Chinese tourists: The mediating role of relationship quality. Tourism Management, 52, 82-95.
Sun, X., Chi, C. G. Q., & Xu, H. (2013). Developing destination loyalty: The case of Hainan Island. Annals of Tourism Re-search, 43, 547-577.
Suntikul, W., & Jachna, T. (2016). The co-creation/ place attachment nexus. Tourism Management, 52, 276-286.
Tomigova, K., Mendes, J. & Pereira, L. N (2015). The Attractiveness of Portugal as a Tourist Destination: The Perspective of Czech Tour Operators. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(7), 197-210.
Tourism Malaysia (2008). Malaysia tourists profile 2008 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia.
Tourism Malaysia (2010). Malaysia tourists profile 2010 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia.
Tourism Malaysia (2014). Malaysia tourists profile 2014 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysi
Tourism Malaysia (2015). Malaysia tourists profile 2015 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia.
Tourism Malaysia (2016). Malaysia tourists profile 2016 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysi
Tourism Malaysia (2017). Malaysia tourists profile 2017 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysi
Tourism Malaysia (2018). Malaysia Tourism Statistics in Brief. https://www.tourism.gov.my/statistics
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (2017). Retrieved on 4 February 2018 from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2017_web_0401.pdf
Tsai, C. T. (2016). Memorable tourist experiences and place attachment when consuming local food. International Jour-nal of Tourism Research, 18(6), 536-548.
Tsai, S. P. (2012). Place attachment and tourism marketing: Investigating international tourists in Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(2), 139-152.
Westland, J. C. (2016). STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS. Springer International PU.
Whang, H., Yong, S., & Ko, E. (2016). Pop culture, destination images, and visit intentions: Theory and research on travel motivations of Chinese and Russian tourists. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 631-641.
World Tourism Organization (2018). Why tourism?. Retrieved on 2 October 2018 from http://www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism
World Travel and Tourism Council (2017). Malaysia Travel and Tourism Economic Impact (2017). Retrieved on 2 Octo-ber 2018 from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2017/malaysia2017.pdf
Xu, X., & Li, Y. (2016). The antecedents of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction toward various types of hotels: A text mining approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 57–69.
Xu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of place attachment: A comparison of Chinese and Western ur-ban tourists in Hangzhou, China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(2), 86-96.
Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a struc-tural model. Tourism management, 26(1), 45-56.
Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence. The Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2-22.
Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Manage-ment, 40(February), 213–223.
Akroush, M. N., Jraisat, L. E., Kurdieh, D. J., AL-Faouri, R. N., & Qatu, L. T. (2016). Tourism service quality and destina-tion loyalty - the mediating role of destination image from international tourists’ perspectives. Tourism Review, 71(1).
Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C., & Meligdis, A. (2006). Increasing customers' loyalty in a skiing resort: The contribution of place attachment and service quality. International journal of contemporary hospitality management, 18(5), 414-425.
Augustin, R., Kedah moves to protect Langkawi’s Unesco status, (2018), https:// www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/03/25/kedah-moves-to-protect-langkawis-unesco-status/, assessed on 4 March 2019.
Brown, G., Smith, A., & Assaker, G. (2016). Revisiting the host city: An empirical examination of sport involvement, place attachment, event satisfaction and spectator intentions at the London Olympics. Tourism Management, 55, 160-172.
Burn, A. C., Veeck, A., & Bush, R. F. (2017). Marketing Research (8th ed.). Malaysia: Pearson Education Limited.
Chen, J. S., & Gursoy, D. (2001). An investigation of tourists’ destination loyalty and preference. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(2), 79-85.
Chi, C. G., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destina-tion loyalty: An integrated approach, Tourism Management, 29, 624-636.
Chien, M. C. (2016). An empirical study on the effect of attractiveness of ecotourism destination on experiential value and revisit intention. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 15(2), 43-53.
Chiu, W., Zeng, S., & Cheng, P. S. T. (2016). The influence of destination image and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty: a case study of Chinese tourists in Korea. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(2), 223–234.
Dwivedi, A., Nayeem, T., & Murshed, F. (2018). Brand experience and consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) a price premium: Mediating role of brand credibility and perceived uniqueness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Ser-vices, 44, 100-107.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). United States: Pear-son Education Limited.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hosany, S., Prayag, G., Van Der Veen, R., Huang, S., & Deesilatham, S. (2017). Mediating effects of place attachment and satisfaction on the relationship between tourists’ emotions and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Re-search, 56(8), 1079-1093.
Hsu, C., Killion, L., Brown, G., Gross, M. J., & Huang, S. (2008). Tourism marketing: an Asia – Pacific perspective. Mil-ton, Qld: John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
Hu, Y., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1993). Measuring destination attractiveness: A contextual approach. Journal of Travel Re-search, 32(2), 25–34.
Kim, H., Woo, E., & Uysal, M. (2015). Tourism experience and quality of life among elderly tourists. Tourism Manage-ment, 46, 465-476.
Kim, K. H., & Park, D. B. (2017). Relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and loyalty: Community-based eco-tourism in Korea. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(2), 171-191.
Kim, S. H., Holland, S., & Han, H. S. (2013). A structural model for examining how destination image, perceived value, and service quality affect destination loyalty: A case study of Orlando. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(4), 313-328.
Kim, S., Lee, Y. K., & Lee, C. K. (2017). The moderating effect of place attachment on the relationship between festival quality and behavioral intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), 49-63.
Kozak, M. (2001). Repeaters’ behavior at two district destinations. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 784-807.
Langkawi Development Authority (2018). LADA Annual REPORT 2016. Retrieved on 2 Oct 2018 from https://www.lada.gov.my/media-dan-arkib/penerbitan/laporan-tahunan
Lee, C. K., Yoon, Y. S., & Lee, S. K. (2007). Investigating the relationships among perceived value, satisfaction, and recommendations: The case of the Korean DMZ. Tourism management, 28(1), 204-214.
Lee, T. H., & Shen, Y. L. (2013). The influence of leisure involvement and place attachment on destination loyalty: Evi-dence from recreationists walking their dogs in urban parks. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 33, 76-85.
Leong, A. M. W., Yeh, S. S., Hsiao, Y. C., & Huan, T. C. T. (2015). Nostalgia as travel motivation and its impact on tour-ists' loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 68(1), 81-86.
Lin, C. H., & Kuo, B. Z. L. (2016). The behavioral consequences of tourist experience. Tourism Management Perspec-tives, 18, 84-91.
Liu, X., Fu, Y., & Li, J. (2017). The effect of on-site experience and place attachment on loyalty: Evidence from Chinese tourists in a hot-spring resort. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 1-26.
Liu, X., Li, J., & Kim, W. G. (2017). The role of travel experience in the structural relationships among tourists’ perceived image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(2), 135-146.
Loureiro, S. M. C. (2014). The role of the rural tourism experience economy in place attachment and behavioral inten-tions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 40, 1-9.
Marković, S., Lončarić, D., & Lončarić, D. (2014). Service quality and customer satisfaction in the health care industry-towards health tourism market. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 20(2), 155-170.
Masa’deh, R. E., Nasseef, M. A., Alkoudary, A., Mansour, H., & Aldarabah, M. (2017). The Impact of Motivation for At-tendance on Destination Loyalty via the Mediating Effect of Tourist Satisfaction. International Journal of Business Administration, 8(4), 34.
Meng, F., Tepanon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2008). Measuring tourist satisfaction by attribute and motivation: The case of a na-ture-based resort. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14(1), 41-56.
Mingfang, Z. (2010). Examining the structural relationships of tourist characteristics and destination satisfaction. In International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics IPEDR, Hong Kong.
Mohamad, M., & Ab Ghani, N., I. (2014). The impact of tourist satisfaction on destination loyalty among European tour-ists visiting Malaysia. International Journal of Management Sciences, 2(8), 362-371.
Mohamad, M., Ab Ghani, N. I., Mamat, M., & Mamat, I. (2014). Satisfaction as a mediator to the relationships between destination image and loyalty. World Applied Sciences Journal, 30(9), 1113-1123.
Mohamad, M., Ali, A. M., & Ab Ghani, N. I. (2011). A structural model of destination image, tourists’ satisfaction and destination loyalty. International journal of business and management studies, 3(2), 167-177.
Mohamad, M., Ali, M., Salim, N. A., Ghani, A., Izzati, N., Halim, A., & Loganathan, N. (2015). Effects of the Malaysian Travel Destination Brand Image on Tourist Satisfaction and Destination Loyalty. American-Eurasian Journal of Agri-culture & Environmental Science(Tourism & Environment, Social and Management Sciences), 15, 61-72.
Mohamad, M., Mohammad, M., Mat Ali, N. A., & Awang, Z. (2018). The impact of life satisfaction on substance abuse: delinquency as a mediator. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(1), 25-35.
Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty? Journal of marketing, 63, 33-44.
Oppermann, M. (2000). Tourism destination loyalty. Journal of Travel Research, 39, 78-84.
Phillips, W. J., Wolfe, K., Hodur, N., & Leistritz, F. L. (2011). Tourist word of mouth and revisit intentions to rural tour-ism destinations: A case of North Dakota, USA. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(1), 93-104.
Plomp, J., Tims, M., Khapova, S. N., Jansen, P., & Bakker, A. (2019). Psychological safety, job crafting, and employabil-ity. A comparison between permanent and temporary workers. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 974.
Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2012). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius: The role and influence of destination image, place attachment, personal involvement, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342-356.
Rajaratnam, S. D., Nair, V., Pahlevan Sharif, S., & Munikrishnan, U. T. (2015). Destination quality and tourists’ behav-ioural intentions: rural tourist destinations in Malaysia. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 7(5), 463-472.
Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Kneebone, S. (2014). Visitor satisfaction and place attachment in national parks. Tourism Analysis, 19(3), 287-300.
Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relation-ships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviours: A structural equation modelling approach. Tourism Management, 36, 552–566.
Ramseook-Munhurrun, P., Seebaluck, V. N., & Naidoo, P. (2015). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, perceived value, tourist satisfaction and loyalty: case of Mauritius. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Scienc-es, 175, 252-259.
Reichheld, F. & Sasser, W. (1990). Zero defects: Quality comes to services. Harvard Business Review, 105-111.
Schiffman, L. G. & Kanuk, L. L. (2010). Consumer behavior (9th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Song, H. M., Kim, K. S., & Yim, B. H. (2017). The mediating effect of place attachment on the relationship between golf tourism destination image and revisit intention. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(11), 1182-1193.
Su, L., Swanson, S. R., & Chen, X. (2016). The effects of perceived service quality on repurchase intentions and subjec-tive well-being of Chinese tourists: The mediating role of relationship quality. Tourism Management, 52, 82-95.
Sun, X., Chi, C. G. Q., & Xu, H. (2013). Developing destination loyalty: The case of Hainan Island. Annals of Tourism Re-search, 43, 547-577.
Suntikul, W., & Jachna, T. (2016). The co-creation/ place attachment nexus. Tourism Management, 52, 276-286.
Tomigova, K., Mendes, J. & Pereira, L. N (2015). The Attractiveness of Portugal as a Tourist Destination: The Perspective of Czech Tour Operators. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(7), 197-210.
Tourism Malaysia (2008). Malaysia tourists profile 2008 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia.
Tourism Malaysia (2010). Malaysia tourists profile 2010 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia.
Tourism Malaysia (2014). Malaysia tourists profile 2014 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysi
Tourism Malaysia (2015). Malaysia tourists profile 2015 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysia.
Tourism Malaysia (2016). Malaysia tourists profile 2016 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysi
Tourism Malaysia (2017). Malaysia tourists profile 2017 by selected markets. Ministry of Tourism, Malaysi
Tourism Malaysia (2018). Malaysia Tourism Statistics in Brief. https://www.tourism.gov.my/statistics
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report (2017). Retrieved on 4 February 2018 from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TTCR_2017_web_0401.pdf
Tsai, C. T. (2016). Memorable tourist experiences and place attachment when consuming local food. International Jour-nal of Tourism Research, 18(6), 536-548.
Tsai, S. P. (2012). Place attachment and tourism marketing: Investigating international tourists in Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(2), 139-152.
Westland, J. C. (2016). STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELS. Springer International PU.
Whang, H., Yong, S., & Ko, E. (2016). Pop culture, destination images, and visit intentions: Theory and research on travel motivations of Chinese and Russian tourists. Journal of Business Research, 69(2), 631-641.
World Tourism Organization (2018). Why tourism?. Retrieved on 2 October 2018 from http://www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism
World Travel and Tourism Council (2017). Malaysia Travel and Tourism Economic Impact (2017). Retrieved on 2 Octo-ber 2018 from https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/countries-2017/malaysia2017.pdf
Xu, X., & Li, Y. (2016). The antecedents of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction toward various types of hotels: A text mining approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, 57–69.
Xu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of place attachment: A comparison of Chinese and Western ur-ban tourists in Hangzhou, China. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(2), 86-96.
Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: a struc-tural model. Tourism management, 26(1), 45-56.
Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means-end model and synthesis of evidence. The Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2-22.
Zhang, H., Fu, X., Cai, L. A., & Lu, L. (2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty: A meta-analysis. Tourism Manage-ment, 40(February), 213–223.