This paper has been retracted.
How to cite this paper
Imran, M., Aziz, A., Hamid, S., Shabbir, M., Salman, R & Jian, Z. (2018). Retracted: The mediating role of total quality management between entrepreneurial orientation and SMEs export performance.Management Science Letters , 8(6), 519-532.
Refrences
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Ahmad, M., Zakuan, N., Ahmad, J., & Takala, J. (2015). Meta-analysis of the TQM impact on business performance amongst regions and countries. International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engi-neering, 20(2), 155-164.
Ahmad, D., Afzal, M., & Khan, U. G. (2017). Impact of Exports on Economic Growth Empirical Evi-dence of Pakistan. International Journal of Applied, 5(2).
Al-Dhaafri, H. S., Al-Swidi, A. K., & Yusoff, R. Z. B. (2016). The mediating role of total quality man-agement between the entrepreneurial orientation and the organizational performance. The TQM Journal, 28(1), 89-111.
Becker, J.-M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: guide-lines for using reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning, 45(5), 359-394.
Beh, L.-S., & Shafique, I. (2016). Does leadership matter in innovation and new business venturing? testing the mediating effect of absorptive capacity. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 7(5), 206.
Bianchi, C., Glavas, C., & Mathews, S. (2017). SME international performance in Latin America: The role of entrepreneurial and technological capabilities. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise De-velopment, 24(1), 176-195.
Boso, N., Cadogan, J. W., & Story, V. M. (2012). Complementary effect of entrepreneurial and market orientations on export new product success under differing levels of competitive intensity and finan-cial capital. International Business Review, 21(4), 667-681.
Calantone, R. J., Tamer Cavusgil, S., Schmidt, J. B., & Shin, G. C. (2004). Internationalization and the dynamics of product adaptation—An empirical investigation. Journal of Product Innovation Man-agement, 21(3), 185-198.
Cavusgil, S. T., & Zou, S. (1994). Marketing strategy-performance relationship: an investigation of the empirical link in export market ventures. The Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 1-21.
Chen, Sousa, C., & He, X. (2016). The determinants of export performance: a review of the literature 2006-2014. International Marketing Review, 33(5), 626-670.
Choi, T. Y., & Eboch, K. (1998). The TQM paradox: relations among TQM practices, plant perfor-mance, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Operations management, 17(1), 59-75.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analy-sis for the behavioral sciences: Routledge.
Corredor, P., & Goñi, S. (2011). TQM and performance: Is the relationship so obvious? Journal of Business Research, 64(8), 830-838.
Dar, M. S., Ahmed, S., & Raziq, A. (2017). Small and medium-size enterprises in Pakistan: Definition and critical issues. Pakistan Business Review, 19(1), 46-70.
De Clercq, D., & Zhou, L. (2014). Entrepreneurial strategic posture and performance in foreign mar-kets: the critical role of international learning effort. Journal of international Marketing, 22(2), 47-67.
Demirbag, M., Lenny Koh, S., Tatoglu, E., & Zaim, S. (2006). TQM and market orientation's impact on SMEs' performance. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 106(8), 1206-1228.
Economics, T. (2016). Pakistan Exports. Retrieved from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/exports
Eriksson, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2015). Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research, Sage.
Fatemah, A., & Qayyum, A. (2018). Modeling the Impact of Exports on the Economic Growth of Paki-stan.
Feder, E.-S. (2015). International market, entrepreneurial and learning orientations as drivers of firm performance. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, 60(1), 3.
Felzensztein, C., Ciravegna, L., Robson, P., & Amorós, J. E. (2015). Networks, entrepreneurial orienta-tion, and internationalization scope: evidence from Chilean small and medium enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(S1), 145-160.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Frishammar, J., & Andersson, S. (2009). The overestimated role of strategic orientations for internation-al performance in smaller firms. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 57-77.
Gupta, V. K., & Batra, S. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance in Indian SMEs: Universal and contingency perspectives. International Small Business Journal, 0266242615577708.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
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Hassan, M. T., Burek, S., & Asif, M. (2017). Barriers to industrial energy efficiency improvement–manufacturing SMEs of Pakistan. Energy Procedia, 113, 135-142.
Hernandez-Perlines, F. (2018). Moderating effect of absorptive capacity on the entrepreneurial orienta-tion of international performance of family businesses. Journal of Family Business Management.
Hussain, J., Ismail, K., & Akhtar, C. S. (2015). Market orientation and organizational performance: case of Pakistani SMEs. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(5), 1-6.
Ibeh, K. I. (2004). Furthering export participation in less performing developing countries: The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and managerial capacity factors. International Journal of Social Eco-nomics, 31(1/2), 94-110.
Imran, M., Abdul Hamid, S. N., & Aziz, A. (2017). Total quality management, export market orienta-tion and firm export performance: A conceptual framework. International Journal of Academic Re-search in Business and Social Sciences, 7(9), 591-601.
Imran, M., Abdul Hamid, S. N., & Aziz, A. (2018). The influence of TQM on export performance of SMEs: Empirical evidence from manufacturing sector in Pakistan using PLS-SEM. Management Sci-ence Letters, 8(5), 483-496.
Imran, M., Aziz, A., & Abdul Hamid, S. N. (2016). Moderating role of environmental turbulence on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, business networks orientation, export market orien-tation and SMEs performance: A research framework. Journal of Business Management, Commerce & Research, 4(15).
Imran, M., Aziz, A., & Abdul Hamid, S. N. (2017). The relationship between entrepreneurial orienta-tion, business networks orientation, Export market orientation and SME export performance: A pro-posed research framework. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sci-ences, 7(10), 230-248.
Khalique, M., Bontis, N., Abdul Nassir bin Shaari, J., & Hassan Md. Isa, A. (2015). Intellectual capital in small and medium enterprises in Pakistan. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(1), 224-238.
Khalique, M., Isa, A. H. B. M., Shaari, N., & Abdul, J. (2011). Challenges for Pakistani SMEs in a knowledge-based economy. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 5(2).
Konecny, P. A., & Thun, J.-H. (2011). Do it separately or simultaneously—An empirical analysis of a conjoint implementation of TQM and TPM on plant performance. International Journal of Produc-tion Economics, 133(2), 496-507.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Lages, L. F., Silva, G., & Styles, C. (2009). Relationship capabilities, quality, and innovation as deter-minants of export performance. Journal of international Marketing, 17(4), 47-70.
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Mehralian, G., Nazari, J. A., Zarei, L., & Rasekh, H. R. (2016). The effects of corporate social responsi-bility on organizational performance in the Iranian pharmaceutical industry: The mediating role of TQM. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 689-698.
Mishra, R. (2016). A comparative evaluation of manufacturing flexibility adoption in SMEs and large firms in India. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 27(5), 730-762.
Monteiro, A. P., Soares, A. M., & Rua, O. L. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation and export perfor-mance: the mediating effect of organisational resources and dynamic capabilities. Journal for Inter-national Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 10(1), 3-20.
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Nitzl, C., Nitzl, C., Roldan, J. L., Roldan, J. L., Cepeda, G., & Cepeda, G. (2016). Mediation analysis in partial least squares path modeling: Helping researchers discuss more sophisticated models. Indus-trial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1849-1864.
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Rahman, S.-U. (2001). Total quality management practices and business outcome: Evidence from small and medium enterprises in Western Australia. Total Quality Management, 12(2), 201-210.
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Ahmad, M., Zakuan, N., Ahmad, J., & Takala, J. (2015). Meta-analysis of the TQM impact on business performance amongst regions and countries. International Journal of Industrial and Systems Engi-neering, 20(2), 155-164.
Ahmad, D., Afzal, M., & Khan, U. G. (2017). Impact of Exports on Economic Growth Empirical Evi-dence of Pakistan. International Journal of Applied, 5(2).
Al-Dhaafri, H. S., Al-Swidi, A. K., & Yusoff, R. Z. B. (2016). The mediating role of total quality man-agement between the entrepreneurial orientation and the organizational performance. The TQM Journal, 28(1), 89-111.
Becker, J.-M., Klein, K., & Wetzels, M. (2012). Hierarchical latent variable models in PLS-SEM: guide-lines for using reflective-formative type models. Long Range Planning, 45(5), 359-394.
Beh, L.-S., & Shafique, I. (2016). Does leadership matter in innovation and new business venturing? testing the mediating effect of absorptive capacity. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 7(5), 206.
Bianchi, C., Glavas, C., & Mathews, S. (2017). SME international performance in Latin America: The role of entrepreneurial and technological capabilities. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise De-velopment, 24(1), 176-195.
Boso, N., Cadogan, J. W., & Story, V. M. (2012). Complementary effect of entrepreneurial and market orientations on export new product success under differing levels of competitive intensity and finan-cial capital. International Business Review, 21(4), 667-681.
Calantone, R. J., Tamer Cavusgil, S., Schmidt, J. B., & Shin, G. C. (2004). Internationalization and the dynamics of product adaptation—An empirical investigation. Journal of Product Innovation Man-agement, 21(3), 185-198.
Cavusgil, S. T., & Zou, S. (1994). Marketing strategy-performance relationship: an investigation of the empirical link in export market ventures. The Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 1-21.
Chen, Sousa, C., & He, X. (2016). The determinants of export performance: a review of the literature 2006-2014. International Marketing Review, 33(5), 626-670.
Choi, T. Y., & Eboch, K. (1998). The TQM paradox: relations among TQM practices, plant perfor-mance, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Operations management, 17(1), 59-75.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analy-sis for the behavioral sciences: Routledge.
Corredor, P., & Goñi, S. (2011). TQM and performance: Is the relationship so obvious? Journal of Business Research, 64(8), 830-838.
Dar, M. S., Ahmed, S., & Raziq, A. (2017). Small and medium-size enterprises in Pakistan: Definition and critical issues. Pakistan Business Review, 19(1), 46-70.
De Clercq, D., & Zhou, L. (2014). Entrepreneurial strategic posture and performance in foreign mar-kets: the critical role of international learning effort. Journal of international Marketing, 22(2), 47-67.
Demirbag, M., Lenny Koh, S., Tatoglu, E., & Zaim, S. (2006). TQM and market orientation's impact on SMEs' performance. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 106(8), 1206-1228.
Economics, T. (2016). Pakistan Exports. Retrieved from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/pakistan/exports
Eriksson, P., & Kovalainen, A. (2015). Qualitative Methods in Business Research: A Practical Guide to Social Research, Sage.
Fatemah, A., & Qayyum, A. (2018). Modeling the Impact of Exports on the Economic Growth of Paki-stan.
Feder, E.-S. (2015). International market, entrepreneurial and learning orientations as drivers of firm performance. Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, 60(1), 3.
Felzensztein, C., Ciravegna, L., Robson, P., & Amorós, J. E. (2015). Networks, entrepreneurial orienta-tion, and internationalization scope: evidence from Chilean small and medium enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(S1), 145-160.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.
Frishammar, J., & Andersson, S. (2009). The overestimated role of strategic orientations for internation-al performance in smaller firms. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 57-77.
Gupta, V. K., & Batra, S. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance in Indian SMEs: Universal and contingency perspectives. International Small Business Journal, 0266242615577708.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares struc-tural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Hamza, A. (2016). Pakistan’s trade deficit widens to 35-year high in FY16. Daily Times. Retrieved from http://dailytimes.com.pk/business/16-Jul-16/pakistans-trade-deficit-widens-to-35-year-high-in-fy16
Hassan, M. T., Burek, S., & Asif, M. (2017). Barriers to industrial energy efficiency improvement–manufacturing SMEs of Pakistan. Energy Procedia, 113, 135-142.
Hernandez-Perlines, F. (2018). Moderating effect of absorptive capacity on the entrepreneurial orienta-tion of international performance of family businesses. Journal of Family Business Management.
Hussain, J., Ismail, K., & Akhtar, C. S. (2015). Market orientation and organizational performance: case of Pakistani SMEs. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(5), 1-6.
Ibeh, K. I. (2004). Furthering export participation in less performing developing countries: The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and managerial capacity factors. International Journal of Social Eco-nomics, 31(1/2), 94-110.
Imran, M., Abdul Hamid, S. N., & Aziz, A. (2017). Total quality management, export market orienta-tion and firm export performance: A conceptual framework. International Journal of Academic Re-search in Business and Social Sciences, 7(9), 591-601.
Imran, M., Abdul Hamid, S. N., & Aziz, A. (2018). The influence of TQM on export performance of SMEs: Empirical evidence from manufacturing sector in Pakistan using PLS-SEM. Management Sci-ence Letters, 8(5), 483-496.
Imran, M., Aziz, A., & Abdul Hamid, S. N. (2016). Moderating role of environmental turbulence on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, business networks orientation, export market orien-tation and SMEs performance: A research framework. Journal of Business Management, Commerce & Research, 4(15).
Imran, M., Aziz, A., & Abdul Hamid, S. N. (2017). The relationship between entrepreneurial orienta-tion, business networks orientation, Export market orientation and SME export performance: A pro-posed research framework. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sci-ences, 7(10), 230-248.
Khalique, M., Bontis, N., Abdul Nassir bin Shaari, J., & Hassan Md. Isa, A. (2015). Intellectual capital in small and medium enterprises in Pakistan. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(1), 224-238.
Khalique, M., Isa, A. H. B. M., Shaari, N., & Abdul, J. (2011). Challenges for Pakistani SMEs in a knowledge-based economy. Indus Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 5(2).
Konecny, P. A., & Thun, J.-H. (2011). Do it separately or simultaneously—An empirical analysis of a conjoint implementation of TQM and TPM on plant performance. International Journal of Produc-tion Economics, 133(2), 496-507.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Lages, L. F., Silva, G., & Styles, C. (2009). Relationship capabilities, quality, and innovation as deter-minants of export performance. Journal of international Marketing, 17(4), 47-70.
LCCI. (2017). Untapped Export Potentail of Pakistan. Retrieved from Lahore, Pakistan: http://www.lcci.com.pk/research-department/lccirnd/attachments/export%20book-final.pdf
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
Mehralian, G., Nazari, J. A., Zarei, L., & Rasekh, H. R. (2016). The effects of corporate social responsi-bility on organizational performance in the Iranian pharmaceutical industry: The mediating role of TQM. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 689-698.
Mishra, R. (2016). A comparative evaluation of manufacturing flexibility adoption in SMEs and large firms in India. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 27(5), 730-762.
Monteiro, A. P., Soares, A. M., & Rua, O. L. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation and export perfor-mance: the mediating effect of organisational resources and dynamic capabilities. Journal for Inter-national Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 10(1), 3-20.
Munir, A. (2016). SMEs need technology upgrade. DAWN. Retrieved from http://www.dawn.com/news/1242458/smes-need-technology-upgrade
Munizu, M. (2013). The Impact of Total Quality Management Practices towards Competitive Ad-vantage and Organizational Performance: Case of Fishery Industry in South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Pakistan Journal of Commerce & Social Sciences, 7(1).
Ng, P. K., & Jee, K. S. (2012). Innovating TQM, CE and KM for productive manufacturing in a Ma-laysian firm. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 23(9-10), 1089-1105.
Ngambi, M. T., & Nkemkiafu, A. G. (2015). The impact of total quality management on firm's organi-zational performance. American Journal of Management, 15(4), 69.
Nitzl, C., Nitzl, C., Roldan, J. L., Roldan, J. L., Cepeda, G., & Cepeda, G. (2016). Mediation analysis in partial least squares path modeling: Helping researchers discuss more sophisticated models. Indus-trial Management & Data Systems, 116(9), 1849-1864.
Okpara, J. O., & Kabongo, J. D. (2009). The entrepreneurial export orientation and performance of small firms in a developing economy. International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, 3(3), 288-305.
Pearson, M. (2015). The Small Business Owner’s Simplified Guide to ISO 9001 and Business Improve-ment. BSI Group, London.
Pfau, L. D. (1989). Total quality management gives companies a way to enhance position in global mar-ketplace. Industrial Engineering, 21(4), 17-&.
Radulovich, L., Javalgi, R. R. G., & Scherer, R. F. (2018). Intangible resources influencing the interna-tional performance of professional service SMEs in an emerging market: Evidence from In-dia. International Marketing Review, 35(1), 113-135.
Rahman, S.-U. (2001). Total quality management practices and business outcome: Evidence from small and medium enterprises in Western Australia. Total Quality Management, 12(2), 201-210.
Rehman, N. U. (2016). Network alliances and firms’ performance: a panel data analysis of Pakistani SMEs. Eurasian Business Review, 6(1), 37-52.
Ribau, C. P., Moreira, A. C., & Raposo, M. (2017). SMEs innovation capabilities and export perfor-mance: an entrepreneurial orientation view. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 18(5), 920-934.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Boenningstedt: SmartPLS GmbH, http://www. smartpls. com.
Sahoo, S., & Yadav, S. (2017). Entrepreneurial orientation of SMEs, total quality management and firm performance. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 28(7), 892-912.
Salkind, N. J. (2012). Exploring research: Pearson Education. Inc, New Jersey.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2009). Research methods for business students (Vol. 5): Pear-son Education Limited, Edinburgh.
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