Analyzing a drug over its overlapped spectra utilizes sophisticated instruments and more toxic solvents, which has a deleterious effect on environmental safety. There is an alarming need to develop a simple, novel, and cost-effective method for determining combined substances that are non-toxic to the environment. So, the study aimed to develop four simple, fast and eco-friendly spectrophotometric techniques for quantifying clotrimazole and tinidazole in bulk and ointment dosage form. Stock solutions produced at concentrations of 7 to 13 and 17.5 to 32.5 µg/mL of clotrimazole and tinidazole in 10% v/v ethanol and scanned in the UV-visible range 200-450 nm, and used for all methods. The methods were validated according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines and found to be within limits. Additionally, the outliers were tested by using the Grubbers test and found within limits. Finally, green evaluation studies show that the method is more environmentally friendly, as confirmed by four assessment tools.

In examining for unique insecticidal agents, two derivatives namely, 2-((3-cyano-4,6-distyrylpyridin-2-yl)thio)-N-(4-nitrophenyl)acetamide (2) and 3-amino-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-4,6-distyrylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide (3) were synthesized from distyrylpyridine-2-thione (1). The new compounds were structurally clarified by spectral and elemental analysis data. The insecticidal activity of these compounds were carried out against cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. It is demonstrated that the compounds 2 and 3 have noteworthy insecticidal activity against nymphs of cowpea aphid with LC50 values of 0.025-0.027 ppm and 0.005-0.006 ppm after 24 h and 48 h of treatment, respectively. Also, the compounds 2 and 3 have noteworthy insecticidal activity against adults of cowpea aphid with LC50 values of 0.112-0.129 ppm and 0.014-0.015 ppm after 24 h and 48 h of treatment, respectively, that were comparable to that of the control acetamiprid.

Oxygen-containing heterocycles are largely distributed in natural and synthetic compounds. Coumarins are among the most famous heterocycles which possess one oxygen atom in their rings. Coumarins are classified as multifunctional scaffold and are used as anti-oxidant reagents, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-HIV active, analgesic, anti-histaminic, insecticides, dyes, herbicides, sensitizers, perfumes, cosmetics and food additives. Due to their diverse applications in industrial and pharmaceutical fields, many chemists have given significant interest to these compounds. Herein, the review highlights various methods for the synthesis and interactions of coumarin moiety as one of the most efficient categories of heterocycles.

Organic pollutants cause many environmental problems to our environment because of their toxicity, non-degradation and ability to long-range transport. The most common organic pollutants are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and are known as hydrocarbons. Effective techniques for the removal of hydrocarbons and heavy metals from soil have drawn great attention. Remediation techniques represent one of the most important of these techniques because of their gentle impact on the environment. The study highlights numerous methods for Physical and chemical remediation techniques with explanation of the ability of some plants and agricultural wastes for remediation.

Many of mimic analogues synthesized before depending on the change in the structure of aromatic rings. In this work, the carbonyl group in the structure of compounds 1-4 converted to thiocarbonyl group, and then studying the toxicological activity due to chemical change in the active center of mimic analogues was performed for compounds N-tert-butyl-2,4-dichloro-N'-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)benzohydrazide (2) and N-tert-butyl-2,4-dichloro-N'-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)carbonothioyl]benzenecarbothiohydrazide (6). The toxicological study was done by using 2nd and 4th instar larvae of the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Five concentration levels (600, 300, 150, 75 and 37.5 ppm) of compounds (2) and (6) were applied on the fresh plant food to the newly grown (2^nd and 4^th) instar larvae.

Red jasmine rice is recognized as a healthy food with high phenolic compounds. These compounds present antibacterial and anti-free radical properties. Moreover, colored rice exhibits a biological activity against anticancer. Objectives of this study are 1) exploring a biological screening and cell viability of 70% ethanol and aqueous extracts of red jasmine rice, 2) investigating cytotoxicity to fibroblast NIH3T3 (IC80) that is one hundred cells were found cell viability 80 cells. Red jasmine rice extracts were dried and transformed into a powder using the freeze-drying method. The extracts were treated with fibroblast NIH3T3 for MTT. The highest of IC50 of red jasmine rice extract to scavenge the DPPH and ABTS radicals was found in ethanol extract (53.20±7.37 and 64.17±5.76, respectively). The experiment showed that the ethanol and aqueous extract of red rice did not show cytotoxicity to fibroblast NIH3T3 (IC80). The extracts of red rice show the biological screening of anti-oxidation with total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents. Moreover, it does not modify the physical properties of the cream formula. It can be concluded that the red rice extract is highly promising for the value addition.

A series of some new pyrazole-substituted 7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines was synthesized in this study. The structures of target substances were confirmed by using 1H and 13С NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds have been evaluated for antimicrobial activity against five bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). The antimicrobial screening studies of synthesized substances established that 2 of 12 compounds show pronounced antibacterial activity against the strain Staphylococcus aureus.

A series of azo dyes incorporated acridine chromophore labelled as 8 (a-d), 10 (a, b), 12 and 14 were prepared in very good yields starting from 9-chloroacridine 1 followed by amination, diazotization and coupling either with rhodanine analogues 6 (a, b) or other coupling partners 9 (a, b), 11 and 13. FT-IR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectroscopic analysis were used to establish the structures of the produced azo dispersed dyes. Moreover, the synthesized azo dyes were used to prepare pastes that were used to print polyester fabric using classic silk-screen printing techniques. The dyes were tested for color strength and fastness properties, and they showed good fastness resistance to washing, rubbing, and perspiration, as well as fastness to sublimation and light. The dyes were further screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacterial species. Most of them showed promising activities against these tested organisms.

A convenient and efficient synthesis of a series of ethyl-1-(6-(4-substitutedacetylatedpiperazin-1-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)-5-amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (8a-8j) has been developed by five steps which include activation of a methylene group, hydrazinolysis, cyclisation and chloro-amine coupling reactions. Moreover, our proposed mechanism was confirmed in this study demonstrating that ethyl 5-amino-1-(6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate is the key intermediate to fulfill the desired outcomes. In silico and in vitro studies were carried out to identify the active agents among the developed adducts against mycobacterium tuberculosis (PDB ID:4TRO). Compound 8a (Docking Score: -26.81 and MIC: 1.6 ug/mL) was found to be the most potent among the synthesized molecules. All the synthesized compounds showed acceptable drug-like properties which make them suitable for further lead modification using in silico design approaches.

Under solvent free conditions and in presence of a base 3-(2-(subsituted-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)acetyl)-2H-chromen-2-one derivatives were synthesized by grinding technique. Structural investigations were carried out with IR studies, HRMS, ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR. The compounds were checked for their in vitro anticancer activities against three different human cancer cell lines viz human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-40) using SRB method. All the title compounds showed low toxicity towards non-malignant PBMC cells indicating their tumour selectivity. The compounds exhibited good in vitro anti-proliferative potency at lower concentrations against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines and remain moderately active against SCC-40.