How to cite this paper
Ali, G. (2026). Firm valuation using accounting-based capital structure and cash holdings: An explainable machine learning approach.International Journal of Data and Network Science, 10(2), 577-596.
References
Acharya, V. V, Almeida, H., & Campello, M. (2007). Is cash negative debt? A hedging perspective on corporate financial policies. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 16(4), 515–554.
Aggarwal, D., Padhan, P. C., Aggarwal, D., & Padhan, P. C. (2017). Impact of Capital Structure on Firm Value: Evidence from Indian Hospitality Industry. Theoretical Economics Letters, 7(4), 982–1000. https://doi.org/10.4236/TEL.2017.74067
Akash, R. S. I., Khan, M. I., & Shear, F. (2023). The Corporate financial policy and the firm value. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 8(3), 65–74.
Ali, G. M., Gomaa, I. I., & Darwish, S. M. (2022). An Intelligent Model for Success Prediction of Initial Coin Offerings. IEEE Access, 10, 58589–58602. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3178369
Aljamaan, B. E. (2018). Capital structure: Definitions, determinants, theories and link with performance literature review. European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research, 6(2), 49–72.
Almeida, H., Campello, M., Cunha, I., & Weisbach, M. S. (2014). Corporate liquidity management: A conceptual framework and survey. Annu. Rev. Financ. Econ., 6(1), 135–162.
Anton, S. G., & Nucu, A. E. A. (2019). Firm value and corporate cash holdings. Empirical evidence from the Polish listed firms. E a M: Ekonomie a Management, 22(3), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.15240/TUL/001/2019-3-008
Antwi, S., Mills, E. F. E. A., & Zhao, X. (2012). Capital structure and firm value: Empirical evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(22).
Baker, M., & Wurgler, J. (2002). Market timing and capital structure. The Journal of Finance, 57(1), 1–32.
Balagopal, G., Wijeratne, L., Waczak, J., Hathurusinghe, P., Iqbal, M., Kiv, D., Aker, A., Lee, S., Agnihotri, V., Simmons, C., & Lary, D. J. (2025). Calibration of Low-Cost LoRaWAN-Based IoT Air Quality Monitors Using the Super Learner Ensemble: A Case Study for Accurate Particulate Matter Measurement. Sensors, 25(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051614
Basci, e. S. (2019). Firm valuation concept and discounted cash flow method: a comparison of stock markets. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 19(2), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.26458/1922
Bates, T. W., Kahle, K. M., & Stulz, R. M. (2009). Why do US firms hold so much more cash than they used to? The Journal of Finance, 64(5), 1985–2021.
Brennan, M. J., & Schwartz, E. S. (1984). Optimal Financial Policy and Firm Valuation. The Journal of Finance, 39(3), 593–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1540-6261.1984.TB03647.X
Brigham, E. F. (2016). Financial management: Theory and practice. Cengage Learning Canada Inc.
Bui, T., Ngoc, X. H., Nguyen, K. T., Pham, 2023, Bui, T. N., Nguyen, X. H., & Pham, K. T. (2023). The Effect of Capital Structure on Firm Value: A Study of Companies Listed on the Vietnamese Stock Market. International Journal of Financial Studies 2023, Vol. 11, Page 100, 11(3), 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJFS11030100
Cakici, N., Fieberg, C., Metko, D., & Zaremba, A. (2023). Machine learning goes global: Cross-sectional return predictability in international stock markets. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 155, 104725. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEDC.2023.104725
Cao, K., & You, H. (2024). Fundamental analysis via machine learning. Financial Analysts Journal, 80(2), 74–98.
Cerkovskis, E., Gajdosikova, D., & Ciurlau, C. F. (2022). CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORIES: REVIEW OF LITERATURE. Economic & Managerial Spectrum/Ekonomicko-Manažérske Spektrum, 16(1).
Chang, Y., Benson, K., & Faff, R. (2017). Are excess cash holdings more valuable to firms in times of crisis? Financial constraints and governance matters. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 45, 157–173.
Chen, C., Ke, B., & Zhao, Q. (2024). Enhancing Firm Quality Measurement Using Machine Learning: The Importance of Theory-motivated Data Engineering. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.4434498
Cheng, Y.-S., Liu, Y.-P., & Chien, C.-Y. (2010). Capital structure and firm value in China: A panel threshold regression analysis. African Journal of Business Management, 4(12), 2500.
Chowdhury, A., & Chowdhury, S. P. (2010). Impact of capital structure on firm’s value: Evidence from Bangladesh. Business and Economic Horizons, 3(3), 111–122.
Datta, R., Chowdhury, T., & Mohajan, H. (2013). Reassess of capital structure theories.
Davies, M. M., & Van Der Laan, M. J. (2016). Optimal Spatial Prediction Using Ensemble Machine Learning. International Journal of Biostatistics, 12(1), 179–201. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJB-2014-0060/ASSET/GRAPHIC/IJB-2014-0060_FIGURE2.GIF
Dey, R., & Mathur, R. (2023). Ensemble Learning Method Using Stacking with Base Learner, A Comparison. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 727 LNNS, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3878-0_14
Díaz, E., & Spagnoli, G. (2024). A super-learner machine learning model for a global prediction of compression index in clays. Applied Clay Science, 249, 107239. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLAY.2023.107239
Dittmar, A., & Mahrt-Smith, J. (2007). Corporate governance and the value of cash holdings. Journal of Financial Economics, 83(3), 599–634.
Dogra, B., & Gupta, S. (2009). An empirical study on capital structure of SMEs in Punjab. IUP Journal of Applied Finance, 15(3), 60.
Donaldson, G. (1961). Corporate debt capacity: A study of corporate debt policy and the determination of corporate debt capacity. Beard Books.
Faleye, O. (2004). Cash and corporate control. The Journal of Finance, 59(5), 2041–2060.
Ferreira, M. A., & Vilela, A. S. (2004). Why do firms hold cash? Evidence from EMU countries. European Financial Management, 10(2), 295–319.
Geertsema, P. G., & Lu, H. (2019). Machine Valuation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3447683
Geertsema, P., & Lu, H. (2023). Relative valuation with machine learning. Journal of Accounting Research, 61(1), 329–376.
Gitman, L. J., & Zutter, C. J. (2012). Principles of managerial finance 13th edition. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Habib, A., Bhatti, M. I., Khan, M. A., & Azam, Z. (2021). Cash Holding and Firm Value in the Presence of Managerial Optimism. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 2021, Vol. 14, Page 356, 14(8), 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/JRFM14080356
Harford, J., Mansi, S. A., & Maxwell, W. F. (2008). Corporate governance and firm cash holdings in the US. Journal of Financial Economics, 87(3), 535–555.
James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). An introduction to statistical learning (Vol. 112, Issue 1). Springer.
Jensen, M. C. (1986). Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers. The American Economic Review, 76(2), 323–329.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
Koklev, P. S. (2022). Business Valuation with Machine learning. Finance: Theory and Practice, 26(5), 132–148.
Kuan, T.-H., Li, C.-S., & Chu, S.-H. (2011). Cash holdings and corporate governance in family-controlled firms. Journal of Business Research, 64(7), 757–764.
Kwak, S. K., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Statistical data preparation: management of missing values and outliers. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 70(4), 407. https://doi.org/10.4097/KJAE.2017.70.4.407
Lau, J., & Block, J. H. (2012). Corporate cash holdings and their implications on firm value in family and founder firms. Corporate Ownership and Control, 9(4), 309–326.
Lee, K.-W., & Lee, C.-F. (2009). Cash holdings, corporate governance structure and firm valuation. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies, 12(03), 475–508.
Liu, Y., & Mauer, D. C. (2011). Corporate cash holdings and CEO compensation incentives. Journal of Financial Economics, 102(1), 183–198.
Luo, Q., & Hachiya, T. (2005). Corporate governance, cash holdings, and firm value: evidence from Japan. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies, 8(04), 613–636.
Martínez-Sola, C., García-Teruel, P. J., & Martínez-Solano, P. (2013). Corporate cash holding and firm value. Applied Economics, 45(2), 161–170.
Mazumdar, M. A. A., & Mara, D. . O. (2024). Analysing the Impact of Capital Structure on Firm Value: A Study in Corporate Finance. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 12(10), 1191–1199. https://doi.org/10.22214/IJRASET.2024.64754
Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261–297.
Mohammed, A., & Kora, R. (2023). A comprehensive review on ensemble deep learning: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 35(2), 757–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JKSUCI.2023.01.014
Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13(2), 187–221.
Naimi, A. I., & Balzer, L. B. (2018). Stacked generalization: an introduction to super learning. European Journal of Epidemiology, 33, 459–464.
Nhan, D. T. T., & Ha, P. (2016). Cash Holding, State Ownership and Firm Value: The Case of Vietnam. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(6), 110–114. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijefi/issue/31991/352812
Olokoyo, F. O. (2013). Capital structure and corporate performance of Nigerian quoted firms: A panel data approach. African Development Review, 25(3), 358–369.
Opler, T., Pinkowitz, L., Stulz, R., & Williamson, R. (1999). The determinants and implications of corporate cash holdings. Journal of Financial Economics, 52(1), 3–46.
Paramasivan, C. (2009). Financial management. New Age International.
Pinkowitz, L., Stulz, R., & Williamson, R. (2006). Does the Contribution of Corporate Cash Holdings and Dividends to Firm Value Depend on Governance? A Cross-country Analysis. The Journal of Finance, 61(6), 2725–2751. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1540-6261.2006.01003.X
Polley, E., & Laan, M. van der. (2010). Super Learner In Prediction. U.C. Berkeley Division of Biostatistics Working Paper Series. https://biostats.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper266
RONIC, H. I., & Amadi, C. (2021). THE NEXUS BETWEEN CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND FIRMS VALUE: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3918974
Ross, S. A. (2009). Corporate finance: Core principles & applications. (No Title).
Saha, D., Young, T. M., & Thacker, J. (2023). Predicting firm performance and size using machine learning with a Bayesian perspective. Machine Learning with Applications, 11, 100453. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MLWA.2023.100453
Thabet, H. H., Darwish, S. M., & Ali, G. M. (2024). Measuring the efficiency of banks using high-performance ensemble technique. Neural Computing and Applications, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00521-024-09929-Y/TABLES/5
Uzliawati, L., Yuliana, A., Januarsi, Y., & Santoso, M. I. (2018). Optimisation of capital structure and firm value. European Research Studies Journal, 21(2), 705–713. https://doi.org/10.35808/ERSJ/1034
Van der Laan, M. J., Polley, E. C., & Hubbard, A. E. (2007). Super learner. Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology, 6(1).
Vayas-Ortega, G., Soguero-Ruiz, C., Rodríguez-Ibáñez, M., Rojo-Álvarez, J. L., & Gimeno-Blanes, F. J. (2020). On the Differential Analysis of Enterprise Valuation Methods as a Guideline for Unlisted Companies Assessment (II): Applying Machine-Learning Techniques for Unbiased Enterprise Value Assessment. Applied Sciences 2020, Vol. 10, Page 5334, 10(15), 5334. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP10155334
Weidemann, J. F. (2018). A state-of-the-art review of corporate cash holding research. Journal of Business Economics, 88, 765–797.
Zhang, C., Zhang, H., & Liu, D. (2020). A Contrastive Study of Machine Learning on Energy Firm Value Prediction. IEEE Access, 8, 11635–11643. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2953807
Zhang, R., Tian, Z., McCarthy, K. J., Wang, X., & Zhang, K. (2023). Application of machine learning techniques to predict entrepreneurial firm valuation. Journal of Forecasting, 42(2), 402–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/FOR.2912
Aggarwal, D., Padhan, P. C., Aggarwal, D., & Padhan, P. C. (2017). Impact of Capital Structure on Firm Value: Evidence from Indian Hospitality Industry. Theoretical Economics Letters, 7(4), 982–1000. https://doi.org/10.4236/TEL.2017.74067
Akash, R. S. I., Khan, M. I., & Shear, F. (2023). The Corporate financial policy and the firm value. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 8(3), 65–74.
Ali, G. M., Gomaa, I. I., & Darwish, S. M. (2022). An Intelligent Model for Success Prediction of Initial Coin Offerings. IEEE Access, 10, 58589–58602. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3178369
Aljamaan, B. E. (2018). Capital structure: Definitions, determinants, theories and link with performance literature review. European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research, 6(2), 49–72.
Almeida, H., Campello, M., Cunha, I., & Weisbach, M. S. (2014). Corporate liquidity management: A conceptual framework and survey. Annu. Rev. Financ. Econ., 6(1), 135–162.
Anton, S. G., & Nucu, A. E. A. (2019). Firm value and corporate cash holdings. Empirical evidence from the Polish listed firms. E a M: Ekonomie a Management, 22(3), 121–134. https://doi.org/10.15240/TUL/001/2019-3-008
Antwi, S., Mills, E. F. E. A., & Zhao, X. (2012). Capital structure and firm value: Empirical evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(22).
Baker, M., & Wurgler, J. (2002). Market timing and capital structure. The Journal of Finance, 57(1), 1–32.
Balagopal, G., Wijeratne, L., Waczak, J., Hathurusinghe, P., Iqbal, M., Kiv, D., Aker, A., Lee, S., Agnihotri, V., Simmons, C., & Lary, D. J. (2025). Calibration of Low-Cost LoRaWAN-Based IoT Air Quality Monitors Using the Super Learner Ensemble: A Case Study for Accurate Particulate Matter Measurement. Sensors, 25(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/s25051614
Basci, e. S. (2019). Firm valuation concept and discounted cash flow method: a comparison of stock markets. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 19(2), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.26458/1922
Bates, T. W., Kahle, K. M., & Stulz, R. M. (2009). Why do US firms hold so much more cash than they used to? The Journal of Finance, 64(5), 1985–2021.
Brennan, M. J., & Schwartz, E. S. (1984). Optimal Financial Policy and Firm Valuation. The Journal of Finance, 39(3), 593–607. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1540-6261.1984.TB03647.X
Brigham, E. F. (2016). Financial management: Theory and practice. Cengage Learning Canada Inc.
Bui, T., Ngoc, X. H., Nguyen, K. T., Pham, 2023, Bui, T. N., Nguyen, X. H., & Pham, K. T. (2023). The Effect of Capital Structure on Firm Value: A Study of Companies Listed on the Vietnamese Stock Market. International Journal of Financial Studies 2023, Vol. 11, Page 100, 11(3), 100. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJFS11030100
Cakici, N., Fieberg, C., Metko, D., & Zaremba, A. (2023). Machine learning goes global: Cross-sectional return predictability in international stock markets. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 155, 104725. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEDC.2023.104725
Cao, K., & You, H. (2024). Fundamental analysis via machine learning. Financial Analysts Journal, 80(2), 74–98.
Cerkovskis, E., Gajdosikova, D., & Ciurlau, C. F. (2022). CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORIES: REVIEW OF LITERATURE. Economic & Managerial Spectrum/Ekonomicko-Manažérske Spektrum, 16(1).
Chang, Y., Benson, K., & Faff, R. (2017). Are excess cash holdings more valuable to firms in times of crisis? Financial constraints and governance matters. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 45, 157–173.
Chen, C., Ke, B., & Zhao, Q. (2024). Enhancing Firm Quality Measurement Using Machine Learning: The Importance of Theory-motivated Data Engineering. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.4434498
Cheng, Y.-S., Liu, Y.-P., & Chien, C.-Y. (2010). Capital structure and firm value in China: A panel threshold regression analysis. African Journal of Business Management, 4(12), 2500.
Chowdhury, A., & Chowdhury, S. P. (2010). Impact of capital structure on firm’s value: Evidence from Bangladesh. Business and Economic Horizons, 3(3), 111–122.
Datta, R., Chowdhury, T., & Mohajan, H. (2013). Reassess of capital structure theories.
Davies, M. M., & Van Der Laan, M. J. (2016). Optimal Spatial Prediction Using Ensemble Machine Learning. International Journal of Biostatistics, 12(1), 179–201. https://doi.org/10.1515/IJB-2014-0060/ASSET/GRAPHIC/IJB-2014-0060_FIGURE2.GIF
Dey, R., & Mathur, R. (2023). Ensemble Learning Method Using Stacking with Base Learner, A Comparison. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 727 LNNS, 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3878-0_14
Díaz, E., & Spagnoli, G. (2024). A super-learner machine learning model for a global prediction of compression index in clays. Applied Clay Science, 249, 107239. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLAY.2023.107239
Dittmar, A., & Mahrt-Smith, J. (2007). Corporate governance and the value of cash holdings. Journal of Financial Economics, 83(3), 599–634.
Dogra, B., & Gupta, S. (2009). An empirical study on capital structure of SMEs in Punjab. IUP Journal of Applied Finance, 15(3), 60.
Donaldson, G. (1961). Corporate debt capacity: A study of corporate debt policy and the determination of corporate debt capacity. Beard Books.
Faleye, O. (2004). Cash and corporate control. The Journal of Finance, 59(5), 2041–2060.
Ferreira, M. A., & Vilela, A. S. (2004). Why do firms hold cash? Evidence from EMU countries. European Financial Management, 10(2), 295–319.
Geertsema, P. G., & Lu, H. (2019). Machine Valuation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3447683
Geertsema, P., & Lu, H. (2023). Relative valuation with machine learning. Journal of Accounting Research, 61(1), 329–376.
Gitman, L. J., & Zutter, C. J. (2012). Principles of managerial finance 13th edition. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Habib, A., Bhatti, M. I., Khan, M. A., & Azam, Z. (2021). Cash Holding and Firm Value in the Presence of Managerial Optimism. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 2021, Vol. 14, Page 356, 14(8), 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/JRFM14080356
Harford, J., Mansi, S. A., & Maxwell, W. F. (2008). Corporate governance and firm cash holdings in the US. Journal of Financial Economics, 87(3), 535–555.
James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). An introduction to statistical learning (Vol. 112, Issue 1). Springer.
Jensen, M. C. (1986). Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers. The American Economic Review, 76(2), 323–329.
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
Koklev, P. S. (2022). Business Valuation with Machine learning. Finance: Theory and Practice, 26(5), 132–148.
Kuan, T.-H., Li, C.-S., & Chu, S.-H. (2011). Cash holdings and corporate governance in family-controlled firms. Journal of Business Research, 64(7), 757–764.
Kwak, S. K., & Kim, J. H. (2017). Statistical data preparation: management of missing values and outliers. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 70(4), 407. https://doi.org/10.4097/KJAE.2017.70.4.407
Lau, J., & Block, J. H. (2012). Corporate cash holdings and their implications on firm value in family and founder firms. Corporate Ownership and Control, 9(4), 309–326.
Lee, K.-W., & Lee, C.-F. (2009). Cash holdings, corporate governance structure and firm valuation. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies, 12(03), 475–508.
Liu, Y., & Mauer, D. C. (2011). Corporate cash holdings and CEO compensation incentives. Journal of Financial Economics, 102(1), 183–198.
Luo, Q., & Hachiya, T. (2005). Corporate governance, cash holdings, and firm value: evidence from Japan. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies, 8(04), 613–636.
Martínez-Sola, C., García-Teruel, P. J., & Martínez-Solano, P. (2013). Corporate cash holding and firm value. Applied Economics, 45(2), 161–170.
Mazumdar, M. A. A., & Mara, D. . O. (2024). Analysing the Impact of Capital Structure on Firm Value: A Study in Corporate Finance. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 12(10), 1191–1199. https://doi.org/10.22214/IJRASET.2024.64754
Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261–297.
Mohammed, A., & Kora, R. (2023). A comprehensive review on ensemble deep learning: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 35(2), 757–774. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JKSUCI.2023.01.014
Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13(2), 187–221.
Naimi, A. I., & Balzer, L. B. (2018). Stacked generalization: an introduction to super learning. European Journal of Epidemiology, 33, 459–464.
Nhan, D. T. T., & Ha, P. (2016). Cash Holding, State Ownership and Firm Value: The Case of Vietnam. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(6), 110–114. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijefi/issue/31991/352812
Olokoyo, F. O. (2013). Capital structure and corporate performance of Nigerian quoted firms: A panel data approach. African Development Review, 25(3), 358–369.
Opler, T., Pinkowitz, L., Stulz, R., & Williamson, R. (1999). The determinants and implications of corporate cash holdings. Journal of Financial Economics, 52(1), 3–46.
Paramasivan, C. (2009). Financial management. New Age International.
Pinkowitz, L., Stulz, R., & Williamson, R. (2006). Does the Contribution of Corporate Cash Holdings and Dividends to Firm Value Depend on Governance? A Cross-country Analysis. The Journal of Finance, 61(6), 2725–2751. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1540-6261.2006.01003.X
Polley, E., & Laan, M. van der. (2010). Super Learner In Prediction. U.C. Berkeley Division of Biostatistics Working Paper Series. https://biostats.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper266
RONIC, H. I., & Amadi, C. (2021). THE NEXUS BETWEEN CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND FIRMS VALUE: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3918974
Ross, S. A. (2009). Corporate finance: Core principles & applications. (No Title).
Saha, D., Young, T. M., & Thacker, J. (2023). Predicting firm performance and size using machine learning with a Bayesian perspective. Machine Learning with Applications, 11, 100453. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MLWA.2023.100453
Thabet, H. H., Darwish, S. M., & Ali, G. M. (2024). Measuring the efficiency of banks using high-performance ensemble technique. Neural Computing and Applications, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00521-024-09929-Y/TABLES/5
Uzliawati, L., Yuliana, A., Januarsi, Y., & Santoso, M. I. (2018). Optimisation of capital structure and firm value. European Research Studies Journal, 21(2), 705–713. https://doi.org/10.35808/ERSJ/1034
Van der Laan, M. J., Polley, E. C., & Hubbard, A. E. (2007). Super learner. Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology, 6(1).
Vayas-Ortega, G., Soguero-Ruiz, C., Rodríguez-Ibáñez, M., Rojo-Álvarez, J. L., & Gimeno-Blanes, F. J. (2020). On the Differential Analysis of Enterprise Valuation Methods as a Guideline for Unlisted Companies Assessment (II): Applying Machine-Learning Techniques for Unbiased Enterprise Value Assessment. Applied Sciences 2020, Vol. 10, Page 5334, 10(15), 5334. https://doi.org/10.3390/APP10155334
Weidemann, J. F. (2018). A state-of-the-art review of corporate cash holding research. Journal of Business Economics, 88, 765–797.
Zhang, C., Zhang, H., & Liu, D. (2020). A Contrastive Study of Machine Learning on Energy Firm Value Prediction. IEEE Access, 8, 11635–11643. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2953807
Zhang, R., Tian, Z., McCarthy, K. J., Wang, X., & Zhang, K. (2023). Application of machine learning techniques to predict entrepreneurial firm valuation. Journal of Forecasting, 42(2), 402–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/FOR.2912