How to cite this paper
Masadeh, R., Almajali, D., Majali, T., Majali, S & Al-Sherideh, A. (2023). An empirical study into the effect of the digital divide on the intention to adopt e-government.International Journal of Data and Network Science, 7(4), 1581-1594.
Refrences
Abu-Shanab, E., & Al-Jamal, N. (2015). Exploring the gender digital divide in Jordan. Gender, Technology and Develop-ment, 19(1), 91-113.
Abu-Shanab, E., Harb, Y., & Al-Zoubi, S. (2013). E–government as an anti–corruption tool: citizens perceptions. Interna-tional Journal of Electronic Governance, 6(3), 232-248.
Agarwal, R., & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of in-formation technology. Information Systems Research, 9(2), 204-215.
Agarwal, R., Animesh, A., & Prasad, K. (2009). Social interactions and the digital divide: explaining variations in internet use. Information Systems Research, 20(2), 277-294.
AL Manaseer, M., Maqableh, M., & Alrowwad, A. (2019). Impact of information technology on organizational perfor-mance in Jordanian public government entities. Jordan Journal of Business Administration, 15(4), 489-516.
Al-Bashayreh, M., Almajali, D., Al-Okaily, M., & Al-Adwan, A. (2022). Evaluating electronic customer relationship management success: the mediating role of customer satisfaction. Sustainability, 14(19), 12310, 1-23. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su141912310
Alhadid, I., Abu-Taieh, E., Al Khawaldeh, R., Khwaldeh, S., Kaabneh, K., & Alrowwad, A. (2022). Predictors for e-government Adoption of SANAD App. services integrating UTAUT, TPB, TAM trust, and perceived risk. Internation-al Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8281, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148281.
Alkraiji, A., & Ameen, N. (2021). The impact of service quality, trust and satisfaction on young citizen loyalty towards government e-services. Information Technology and People, ahead-of-print.
Almajali, D., Majali, M., Al-Bashayreh, M., & Altamimi, A. (2023). Antecedents of acceptance model for e-procurement in Jordanian public shareholding firms. Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-12-2021-5075
Almajali, D., Omar, F., Alsokkar, A., Alsherideh, A., & Dahalin, Z. (2022). Enterprise resource planning success in Jordan from the perspective of IT-business strategic alignment. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 4325, 1-21.
AL-Rababah, B., & Abu-Shanab, E. (2010). E-government and gender digital divide: the case of Jordan. International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 8(1), 1-8.
Anderson, J., & Gerbing, D. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step ap-proach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Arnott, D.C., Wilson, D., Mukherjee, A., & Nath, P. (2007). Role of electronic trust in online retailing. European Journal of Marketing, 41(9/10), 1173-1202.
Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sci-ences, 16, 74-94.
Bansode, S., & Patil, S. (2011). Bridging digital divide in India: some initiatives. Asia Pacific Journal of Library and In-formation Science, 1(1), 58-68.
Becker, J., Niehaves, B., Bergener, P., & Räckers, M. (2008). Digital divide in e-Government: the e-inclusion gap model, in Wimmer, M.A., Scholl, H.J. and Ferro, E. (Eds.): Electronic Government. EGOV2008, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 5184, 231-242.
Bélanger, F., & Carter, L. (2009). The impact of the digital divide on e-government use. Communications of the ACM, 52(4), 132-135.
Bertot, J.C., Jaeger, P.T., & Grimes, J.M. (2010). Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: e-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies. Government Information Quarterly, 27(3), 264-271.
Byrne, B.M. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling with EQS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, 2nd ed., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, USA.
Chen, Y.N., Chen, H.M., Huang, W., & Ching, R.K.H. (2006). E-government strategies in developed and developing coun-tries: an implementation framework and case study. Journal of Global Information Management, 14(1), 23-46.
Chipeva, P., Cruz-Jesus, F., Oliveira, T., & Irani, Z. (2018). Digital divide at individual level: evidence for Eastern and Western European countries. Government Information Quarterly, 35(3), 460-479.
Choudrie, J., & Dwivedi, Y.K. (2005). Investigating the research approaches for examining technology adoption issues. Journal of Research Practice, 1(1), Article D1. http://jrp.icaap.org/content/v1.1/choudrie.pdf
Colesca, S.E., & Dobrica, L. (2008). Adoption and use of e-government services: the case of Romania. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 6(03). https://doi.org/10.22201/icat.16656423.2008.6.03.526
Daellenbach, U.S., & Davenport, S. (2004). Establishing trust during the formation of technology alliances. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(2), 187-202.
Dewan, S., & Riggins, F. J. (2005). The digital divide: Current and future research directions. Journal of the Association for information systems, 6(12), 298-337.
Dwivedi, Y.K., Sahu, G.P., Rana, N.P., Singh, M., & Chandwani, R.K. (2016). Common services centres (CSCs) as an ap-proach to bridge the digital divide: reflecting on challenges and obstacles. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 10(4), 511-525.
European Union: Riga Ministerial Declaration (2006). https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/ict_psp/documents/declaration_riga.pdf
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Forte-Gardner, O., Young, F.L., Dillman, D.A., & Carroll, M.S. (2004). Increasing the effectiveness of technology transfer for conservation cropping systems through research and field design. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 19(4), 93-114.
Giaretta, E. (2014). The trust ‘builders’ in the technology transfer relationships: an Italian science park experience. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 39(5), 675-687.
Gupta, K.P., Bhaskar, P., & Singh, S. (2016a). Critical factors influencing e-government adoption in India: an investiga-tion of the citizens’ perspectives. Journal of Information Technology Research, 9(4), 28-44.
Gupta, K.P., Singh, S., & Bhaskar, P. (2016b). Citizen adoption of e-government: a literature review and conceptual framework. Electronic Government, An International Journal, 12(2), 160-185.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice-Hall, London.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed., Prentice Hall In-ternational Inc., New Jersey.
Heerink, M., Kröse, B., Evers, V., & Wielinga, B. (2010). Assessing acceptance of assistive social agent technology by older adults: the Almere model. International Journal of Social Robotics, 2(4), 361-375.
Hsieh, J.P-A., Rai, A., & Keil, M. (2008). Understanding digital inequality: comparing continued use behavioral models of socio-economically advantage and disadvantage. MIS Quarterly, 32(1), 97-126.
James, H.S. (2002). The trust paradox: a survey of economic inquiries into the nature of trust and trustworthiness. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 47(3), 291-307.
Jeon, M.M., Lee, S., & Jeong, M. (2018). E-social influence and customers’ behavioral intentions on a bed and breakfast website. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 27(3), 366-385.
Kamarudin, S., Omar, S.Z., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Bolong, J., & Osman, M.N. (2021). Factors predicting the adoption of e-government services in telecenters in rural areas: the mediating role of trust. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 21(1), 20-38.
Khan, G.F., Swar, B., & Zo, H. (2012). E-government service use intentions in Afghanistan: technology adoption and the digital divide in a war-torn country. Information Development, 28(4), 281-299.
Khan, S., Umer, R., Umer, S., & Naqvi, S. (2021). Antecedents of trust in using social media for E-government services: an empirical study in Pakistan. Technology in Society, 64, 101400.
Khanra, S., & Joseph, R.P. (2019). E-governance maturity models: a meta-ethnographic study. The International Technol-ogy Management Review, 8(1), 1-9.
Maqableh, M., Hmoud, H., & Jaradat, M. (2021). Integrating information systems success model in combination with per-ceived privacy, perceived security, and trust: the moderation role of facebook addiction. Heliyon, 7(9), 1-15.
Masa’deh, R., AlMajali, D., AlSokkar, A., Alshinwan, M., & Shehadeh, M. (2023). Antecedents of intention to use e-auction: an empirical study. Sustainability, 15(6), 4871, https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064871
Mason, C.Y., & Dodds, R. (2005). Bridge the digital divide for educational equity. Education Digest, 70(9), 25-27.
Mehra, B., Merkel, C., & Bishop, A.P. (2004). The Internet for empowerment of minority and marginalized users. New Media and Society, 6, 781-802.
Mkude, C.G., & Wimmer, M.A. (2015). E-government systems design and implementation in developed and developing countries: results from a qualitative analysis. In the 14th International Conference on Electronic Government (EGOV), Aug 2015, Thessaloniki, Greece, pp.44-58, ff10.1007/978-3-319-22479-4_4ff. ffhal-01412235
Morris, M.G., & Venkatesh, V. (2000). Age differences in technology adoption decisions: implications for a changing work force. Personnel Psychology, 53(2), 375-403.
Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C.J., & Stansbury, M. (2003). Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide. George Washington University Press, Washington DC.
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Okunola, O.M., Rowley, J., & Johnson, F. (2017). The multi-dimensional digital divide: perspectives from an e-government portal in Nigeria. Government Information Quarterly, 34(2), 329-339.
Ooi, S., & Ooi, C., Yeap, J., & Goh, T. (2021). Embracing bitcoin: users’ perceived security and trust. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 55(4), 1219-1237.
Pieterson, W., & Van Dijk, J. (2007). Channel choice determinants; an exploration of the factors that determine the choice of a service channel in citizen initiated contacts. Proceeding of the DG.O 2007 Conference, Digital Government Re-search Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, pp.148-154.
Rahman, A. (2015). Toward a comprehensive conceptualization of digital divide and its impact on e-government system success. E-Services Adoption: Processes by Firms in Developing Nations (Advances in Business Marketing and Pur-chasing, Vol. 23A), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 291-488.
Rogers, E.M. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations. 4th ed., The Free Press, New York, NY.
Saxena, K.B.C. (2005). Towards excellence in e-governance. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 18(6), 498-513.
Sebetci, O. (2015). A TAM-based model for e-government: a case for Turkey. International Journal of Electronic Gov-ernance, 7(2), 113-135.
Stern, M.J., Adams, A.E., & Elsasser, S. (2009). Digital inequality and place: the effects of technological diffusion on in-ternet proficiency and usage across rural, suburban and urban counties. Sociological Inquiry, 79(4), 391-417.
UN (2010). E-government Survey 2010: Leveraging E-Government at a Time of Financial and Economic Crisis. United Nations, New York, NY.
UN (2012). E-government Survey 2012: E-government for the People. United Nations, New York, NY.
United Nations E-Government Survey (2023). Gearing E-Government to Support Transformation towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies, Retrieved from https://publicadministration. un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2023.
Van Deursen, A., & Van Dijk, J. (2011). Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media and Society, 13(6), 893-911.
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J., & Xu, X. (2016). Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: a synthesis and the road ahead. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 17(5), DOI: 10.17705/1jais.00428
Warkentin, M., Sharma, S., Gefen, D., Rose, G.M., & Pavlou, P. (2018). Social identity and trust in internet-based voting adoption. Government Information Quarterly, 35(2), 195-209.
Wei, K.K., Teo, H.H., Chan, H.C., & Tan, B.C. (2011). Conceptualizing and testing a social cognitive model of the digital divide. Information Systems Research, 22(1), 170-187.
West, S.G., Finch, J.F., & Curran, P.J. (1995). Structural Equation Models with Non Normal Variables: Problems and remedies. In: Hoyle, R.H., Ed., Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 56-75.
Wimmer, M., & Bredow, B.V. (2002). A holistic approach for providing security solutions in e-government. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
World Bank Group (2023). World Development Report 2023: Digital Dividends, Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2023
Zhao, F., José Scavarda, A., & Waxin, M.F. (2012). Key issues and challenges in e-government development: an integra-tive case study of the number one eCity in the Arab world. Information Technology and People, 25(4), 395-422.
Zhao, Y., & Bacao, F. (2021). How does the pandemic facilitate mobile payment? an investigation on users’ perspective under the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1016, doi: 10.3390/ijerph18031016.
Abu-Shanab, E., Harb, Y., & Al-Zoubi, S. (2013). E–government as an anti–corruption tool: citizens perceptions. Interna-tional Journal of Electronic Governance, 6(3), 232-248.
Agarwal, R., & Prasad, J. (1998). A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of in-formation technology. Information Systems Research, 9(2), 204-215.
Agarwal, R., Animesh, A., & Prasad, K. (2009). Social interactions and the digital divide: explaining variations in internet use. Information Systems Research, 20(2), 277-294.
AL Manaseer, M., Maqableh, M., & Alrowwad, A. (2019). Impact of information technology on organizational perfor-mance in Jordanian public government entities. Jordan Journal of Business Administration, 15(4), 489-516.
Al-Bashayreh, M., Almajali, D., Al-Okaily, M., & Al-Adwan, A. (2022). Evaluating electronic customer relationship management success: the mediating role of customer satisfaction. Sustainability, 14(19), 12310, 1-23. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su141912310
Alhadid, I., Abu-Taieh, E., Al Khawaldeh, R., Khwaldeh, S., Kaabneh, K., & Alrowwad, A. (2022). Predictors for e-government Adoption of SANAD App. services integrating UTAUT, TPB, TAM trust, and perceived risk. Internation-al Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8281, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148281.
Alkraiji, A., & Ameen, N. (2021). The impact of service quality, trust and satisfaction on young citizen loyalty towards government e-services. Information Technology and People, ahead-of-print.
Almajali, D., Majali, M., Al-Bashayreh, M., & Altamimi, A. (2023). Antecedents of acceptance model for e-procurement in Jordanian public shareholding firms. Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-12-2021-5075
Almajali, D., Omar, F., Alsokkar, A., Alsherideh, A., & Dahalin, Z. (2022). Enterprise resource planning success in Jordan from the perspective of IT-business strategic alignment. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 4325, 1-21.
AL-Rababah, B., & Abu-Shanab, E. (2010). E-government and gender digital divide: the case of Jordan. International Journal of Electronic Business Management, 8(1), 1-8.
Anderson, J., & Gerbing, D. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step ap-proach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Arnott, D.C., Wilson, D., Mukherjee, A., & Nath, P. (2007). Role of electronic trust in online retailing. European Journal of Marketing, 41(9/10), 1173-1202.
Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Sci-ences, 16, 74-94.
Bansode, S., & Patil, S. (2011). Bridging digital divide in India: some initiatives. Asia Pacific Journal of Library and In-formation Science, 1(1), 58-68.
Becker, J., Niehaves, B., Bergener, P., & Räckers, M. (2008). Digital divide in e-Government: the e-inclusion gap model, in Wimmer, M.A., Scholl, H.J. and Ferro, E. (Eds.): Electronic Government. EGOV2008, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 5184, 231-242.
Bélanger, F., & Carter, L. (2009). The impact of the digital divide on e-government use. Communications of the ACM, 52(4), 132-135.
Bertot, J.C., Jaeger, P.T., & Grimes, J.M. (2010). Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: e-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies. Government Information Quarterly, 27(3), 264-271.
Byrne, B.M. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling with EQS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, 2nd ed., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, NJ, USA.
Chen, Y.N., Chen, H.M., Huang, W., & Ching, R.K.H. (2006). E-government strategies in developed and developing coun-tries: an implementation framework and case study. Journal of Global Information Management, 14(1), 23-46.
Chipeva, P., Cruz-Jesus, F., Oliveira, T., & Irani, Z. (2018). Digital divide at individual level: evidence for Eastern and Western European countries. Government Information Quarterly, 35(3), 460-479.
Choudrie, J., & Dwivedi, Y.K. (2005). Investigating the research approaches for examining technology adoption issues. Journal of Research Practice, 1(1), Article D1. http://jrp.icaap.org/content/v1.1/choudrie.pdf
Colesca, S.E., & Dobrica, L. (2008). Adoption and use of e-government services: the case of Romania. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 6(03). https://doi.org/10.22201/icat.16656423.2008.6.03.526
Daellenbach, U.S., & Davenport, S. (2004). Establishing trust during the formation of technology alliances. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(2), 187-202.
Dewan, S., & Riggins, F. J. (2005). The digital divide: Current and future research directions. Journal of the Association for information systems, 6(12), 298-337.
Dwivedi, Y.K., Sahu, G.P., Rana, N.P., Singh, M., & Chandwani, R.K. (2016). Common services centres (CSCs) as an ap-proach to bridge the digital divide: reflecting on challenges and obstacles. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 10(4), 511-525.
European Union: Riga Ministerial Declaration (2006). https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/ict_psp/documents/declaration_riga.pdf
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Forte-Gardner, O., Young, F.L., Dillman, D.A., & Carroll, M.S. (2004). Increasing the effectiveness of technology transfer for conservation cropping systems through research and field design. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 19(4), 93-114.
Giaretta, E. (2014). The trust ‘builders’ in the technology transfer relationships: an Italian science park experience. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 39(5), 675-687.
Gupta, K.P., Bhaskar, P., & Singh, S. (2016a). Critical factors influencing e-government adoption in India: an investiga-tion of the citizens’ perspectives. Journal of Information Technology Research, 9(4), 28-44.
Gupta, K.P., Singh, S., & Bhaskar, P. (2016b). Citizen adoption of e-government: a literature review and conceptual framework. Electronic Government, An International Journal, 12(2), 160-185.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Prentice-Hall, London.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R.L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed., Prentice Hall In-ternational Inc., New Jersey.
Heerink, M., Kröse, B., Evers, V., & Wielinga, B. (2010). Assessing acceptance of assistive social agent technology by older adults: the Almere model. International Journal of Social Robotics, 2(4), 361-375.
Hsieh, J.P-A., Rai, A., & Keil, M. (2008). Understanding digital inequality: comparing continued use behavioral models of socio-economically advantage and disadvantage. MIS Quarterly, 32(1), 97-126.
James, H.S. (2002). The trust paradox: a survey of economic inquiries into the nature of trust and trustworthiness. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, 47(3), 291-307.
Jeon, M.M., Lee, S., & Jeong, M. (2018). E-social influence and customers’ behavioral intentions on a bed and breakfast website. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 27(3), 366-385.
Kamarudin, S., Omar, S.Z., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Bolong, J., & Osman, M.N. (2021). Factors predicting the adoption of e-government services in telecenters in rural areas: the mediating role of trust. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 21(1), 20-38.
Khan, G.F., Swar, B., & Zo, H. (2012). E-government service use intentions in Afghanistan: technology adoption and the digital divide in a war-torn country. Information Development, 28(4), 281-299.
Khan, S., Umer, R., Umer, S., & Naqvi, S. (2021). Antecedents of trust in using social media for E-government services: an empirical study in Pakistan. Technology in Society, 64, 101400.
Khanra, S., & Joseph, R.P. (2019). E-governance maturity models: a meta-ethnographic study. The International Technol-ogy Management Review, 8(1), 1-9.
Maqableh, M., Hmoud, H., & Jaradat, M. (2021). Integrating information systems success model in combination with per-ceived privacy, perceived security, and trust: the moderation role of facebook addiction. Heliyon, 7(9), 1-15.
Masa’deh, R., AlMajali, D., AlSokkar, A., Alshinwan, M., & Shehadeh, M. (2023). Antecedents of intention to use e-auction: an empirical study. Sustainability, 15(6), 4871, https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064871
Mason, C.Y., & Dodds, R. (2005). Bridge the digital divide for educational equity. Education Digest, 70(9), 25-27.
Mehra, B., Merkel, C., & Bishop, A.P. (2004). The Internet for empowerment of minority and marginalized users. New Media and Society, 6, 781-802.
Mkude, C.G., & Wimmer, M.A. (2015). E-government systems design and implementation in developed and developing countries: results from a qualitative analysis. In the 14th International Conference on Electronic Government (EGOV), Aug 2015, Thessaloniki, Greece, pp.44-58, ff10.1007/978-3-319-22479-4_4ff. ffhal-01412235
Morris, M.G., & Venkatesh, V. (2000). Age differences in technology adoption decisions: implications for a changing work force. Personnel Psychology, 53(2), 375-403.
Mossberger, K., Tolbert, C.J., & Stansbury, M. (2003). Virtual Inequality: Beyond the Digital Divide. George Washington University Press, Washington DC.
Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Okunola, O.M., Rowley, J., & Johnson, F. (2017). The multi-dimensional digital divide: perspectives from an e-government portal in Nigeria. Government Information Quarterly, 34(2), 329-339.
Ooi, S., & Ooi, C., Yeap, J., & Goh, T. (2021). Embracing bitcoin: users’ perceived security and trust. Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, 55(4), 1219-1237.
Pieterson, W., & Van Dijk, J. (2007). Channel choice determinants; an exploration of the factors that determine the choice of a service channel in citizen initiated contacts. Proceeding of the DG.O 2007 Conference, Digital Government Re-search Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, pp.148-154.
Rahman, A. (2015). Toward a comprehensive conceptualization of digital divide and its impact on e-government system success. E-Services Adoption: Processes by Firms in Developing Nations (Advances in Business Marketing and Pur-chasing, Vol. 23A), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 291-488.
Rogers, E.M. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations. 4th ed., The Free Press, New York, NY.
Saxena, K.B.C. (2005). Towards excellence in e-governance. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 18(6), 498-513.
Sebetci, O. (2015). A TAM-based model for e-government: a case for Turkey. International Journal of Electronic Gov-ernance, 7(2), 113-135.
Stern, M.J., Adams, A.E., & Elsasser, S. (2009). Digital inequality and place: the effects of technological diffusion on in-ternet proficiency and usage across rural, suburban and urban counties. Sociological Inquiry, 79(4), 391-417.
UN (2010). E-government Survey 2010: Leveraging E-Government at a Time of Financial and Economic Crisis. United Nations, New York, NY.
UN (2012). E-government Survey 2012: E-government for the People. United Nations, New York, NY.
United Nations E-Government Survey (2023). Gearing E-Government to Support Transformation towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies, Retrieved from https://publicadministration. un.org/egovkb/en-us/Reports/UN-E-Government-Survey-2023.
Van Deursen, A., & Van Dijk, J. (2011). Internet skills and the digital divide. New Media and Society, 13(6), 893-911.
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J., & Xu, X. (2016). Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology: a synthesis and the road ahead. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 17(5), DOI: 10.17705/1jais.00428
Warkentin, M., Sharma, S., Gefen, D., Rose, G.M., & Pavlou, P. (2018). Social identity and trust in internet-based voting adoption. Government Information Quarterly, 35(2), 195-209.
Wei, K.K., Teo, H.H., Chan, H.C., & Tan, B.C. (2011). Conceptualizing and testing a social cognitive model of the digital divide. Information Systems Research, 22(1), 170-187.
West, S.G., Finch, J.F., & Curran, P.J. (1995). Structural Equation Models with Non Normal Variables: Problems and remedies. In: Hoyle, R.H., Ed., Structural Equation Modeling: Concepts, Issues, and Applications, Sage, Thousand Oaks, 56-75.
Wimmer, M., & Bredow, B.V. (2002). A holistic approach for providing security solutions in e-government. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
World Bank Group (2023). World Development Report 2023: Digital Dividends, Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2023
Zhao, F., José Scavarda, A., & Waxin, M.F. (2012). Key issues and challenges in e-government development: an integra-tive case study of the number one eCity in the Arab world. Information Technology and People, 25(4), 395-422.
Zhao, Y., & Bacao, F. (2021). How does the pandemic facilitate mobile payment? an investigation on users’ perspective under the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1016, doi: 10.3390/ijerph18031016.