The effects of mechanical degradation on the quasi static and dynamic stiffness of polyester yarns

Abstract: Polyester fibers are the most used in the manufacture of ropes for mooring systems and offshore operation, thus being constantly subjected to different situations. Such requests are implicated in a variety of load conditions, and their effects must be studied. This work presents data referring to an experimental study on the behavior of the quasi-static and dynamic stiffness of polyester yarns considering different mechanical levels of degradation and use. The study is performed with five different types of multifilament samples, these were extracted from a virgin spool and sub-ropes tested for tension and fatigue. The experimental procedure is carried out through an initial characterization where the linear density, the Yarn Break Load - YBL and the linear tenacity of the samples are determined. Continuing with the experimental tests, a procedure standardized by ISO 18962-2 is then carried out, consisting of three quasi-static stages and three dynamic stages, where the data acquired in the tests allow the determination of a dimensionless stiffness value. The results showed an increase in the quasi-static stiffness, tending to a plateau, and a linear increase in the dynamic stiffness, but with somewhat similar behavior between the samples. The results related to the total quasi-static stiffness also show that the specimens extracted from sub-ropes that underwent fatigue present greater total non-dimensionalized stiffness, this is indicative of the mechanical fatigue procedure as an improvement of the specimens, giving them greater stiffness, and consequently greater stresses rupture, a behavior that should be explored in future studies.

How to cite this paper

 Melito, I., Cruz, D., Belloni, E., Clain, F & Guilherme, C. (2023). The effects of mechanical degradation on the quasi static and dynamic stiffness of polyester yarns.Engineering Solid Mechanics, 11(3), 243-252.

Refrences

American Society for Testing and Materials. (2014). Standard Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured Organic-Base Fibers (ASTM D885-02). https://www.astm.org/d0885_d0885m-10ar14e01.html.
Arhant, M., Le Gall, M., Le Gac, P. Y., & Davies, P. (2019). Impact of hydrolytic degradation on mechanical properties of PET-Towards an understanding of microplastics formation. Polymer degradation and stability, 161, 175-182.
Baley, C. (2002). Analysis of the flax fibres tensile behaviour and analysis of the tensile stiffness increase. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 33(7), 939-948.
Bastos, M. B., & Silva, A. L. N. (2020, May). Evaluating Offshore Rope Fibers: Impact on Mooring Systems Integrity and Performance. In Offshore Technology Conference. OnePetro.
Bastos, M. B., Haach, L., Tomazi, A., & Fernandes, E. B. (2017, October). Heavy Denier High Performance Polyester Yarns for Deep Water Offshore Mooring Ropes. In OTC Brasil. OnePetro.
Belloni, E. da S., Clain, F. M., & Guilherme, C. E. M. . (2021). Post-impact mechanical characterization of HMPE yarns. Acta Polytechnica, 61(3), 406–414.
Bosman, R. L. M., & Hooker, J. (1999, May). The elastic modulus characteristics of polyester mooring ropes. In Offshore Technology Conference. OnePetro.
Capela, C., Oliveira, S. E., & Ferreira, J. A. M. (2019). Fatigue behavior of short carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 164, 191-197.
Casey, N. F., & Banfield, S. J. (2002, May). Full-scale fiber deepwater mooring ropes: advancing the knowledge of spliced systems. In Offshore Technology Conference. OnePetro.
Civier, L., Chevillotte, Y., Bles, G., Montel, F., Davies, P., & Marco, Y. (2022). Short and long term creep behaviour of polyamide ropes for mooring applications. Ocean Engineering, 259, 111800.
Cofferri, L., Stumpf, F. T., & Guilherme, C. E. M. (2017). Obtaining creep curves for polymer materials using the stepped isothermal method. ge of spliced systems. In Cobem 2017 - 24th ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering.
Cruz, D., Silva, A., Clain, F., & Guilherme, C. (2023). Experimental study on the behavior of polyamide multifilament subject to impact loads under different soaking conditions. Engineering Solid Mechanics, 11(1), 23-34.
da Cruz, D. M., Clain, F. M., & Guilherme, C. E. M. (2022a). Experimental study of the torsional effect for yarn break load test of polymeric multifilaments. Acta Polytechnica, 62(5), 538–548.
da Cruz, D. M., da Silva Belloni, E., Clain, F. M., & Guilherme, C. E. M. (2020). Analysis of impact cycles applied to dry polyamide multifilaments and immersed in water. Rio Oil And Gas Expo And Conference, IBP0537_20.
da Cruz, D. M., Fondaik, F. P., Bastos, M. B., & Guilherme, C. E. M. (2022b). Creep analysis of high modulus polyethylene (HMPE) multifilaments. Rio Oil And Gas Expo And Conference, IBP1483.
da Cruz, D. M., Penaquioni, A., Zangalli, L. B., Bastos, M. B., Bastos, I. N., & da Silva, A. L. N. (2023). Non-destructive testing of high-tenacity polyester sub-ropes for mooring systems. Applied Ocean Research, 134, 103513.
Davies, P., LeChat, C., Bunsell, A., Piant, A., Franois, M., Grosjean, F., ... & Moysan, A. G. (2008, May). Deepwater Mooring With High Stiffness Polyester and PEN Fiber Ropes. In Offshore Technology Conference. OnePetro.
De Pellegrin, I. (1999, May). Manmade fiber ropes in deepwater mooring applications. In Offshore Technology Conference. OnePetro.
Del Vecchio, C. J. M. (1992). Light weight materials for deep water moorings (Doctoral dissertation, University of Reading).
Dobah, Y., Bourchak, M., Bezazi, A., Belaadi, A., & Scarpa, F. (2016). Multi-axial mechanical characterization of jute fiber/polyester composite materials. Composites Part B: Engineering, 90, 450-456.
Duarte, J. P., Guilherme, C. E. M., da Silva, A. H. M. F. T., Mendonça, A. C., & Tempel Stumpf, F. (2019). Lifetime prediction of aramid yarns applied to offshore mooring due to purely hydrolytic degradation. Polymers and Polymer Composites, 27(8), 518-524.
Fernandes, A. C., Del Vecchio, C. J. M., & Castro, G. A. V. (1999). Mechanical properties of polyester mooring cables. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 9(03).
Flory, J. F., Banfield, S. J., & Berryman, C. (2007, April). Polyester mooring lines on platforms and MODUs in deep water. In Offshore Technology Conference. OnePetro.
François, M., & Davies, P. (2008). Characterization of Polymers Mooring Lines.(Vol., pp. 169–177). In ASME 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Artic Engineering, Estoril, Portugal.
François, M., Davies, P., Grosjean, F., & Legerstee, F. (2010, May). Modelling fiber rope load-elongation properties-Polyester and other fibers. In Offshore Technology Conference. OnePetro.
Gagel, A., Lange, D., & Schulte, K. (2006). On the relation between crack densities, stiffness degradation, and surface temperature distribution of tensile fatigue loaded glass-fibre non-crimp-fabric reinforced epoxy. Composites part A: applied science and manufacturing, 37(2), 222-228.
Humeau, C., Davies, P., LeGac, P. Y., & Jacquemin, F. (2018). Influence of water on the short and long term mechanical behaviour of polyamide 6 (nylon) fibres and yarns. Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design, 1(4), 317-327.
International Organization for Standardization. (1994). Textiles — Yarn from packages — Determination of linear density (mass per unit length) by the skein method (ISO 2060). https://www.iso.org/standard/6837.html.
International Organization for Standardization. (2019). Fibre ropes for offshore stationkeeping — Part 2: Polyester (ISO 18692-2). https://www.iso.org/standard/70290.html.
Jaffe, M., Easts, A. J., & Feng, X. (2020). Polyester fibers. In Thermal analysis of textiles and fibers (pp. 133-149). Woodhead Publishing.
Khalid, F., Davies, P., Halswell, P., Lacotte, N., Thies, P. R., & Johanning, L. (2020). Evaluating mooring line test procedures through the application of a round robin test approach. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 8(6), 436.
Khoddami, A., Carr, C. M., & Gong, R. H. (2009). Effect of hollow polyester fibres on mechanical properties of knitted wool/polyester fabrics. Fibers and Polymers, 10, 452-460.
Lian, Y., Liu, H., Li, L., & Zhang, Y. (2018). An experimental investigation on the bedding-in behavior of synthetic fiber ropes. Ocean Engineering, 160, 368-381.
Liu, H., Huang, W., Lian, Y., & Li, L. (2014). An experimental investigation on nonlinear behaviors of synthetic fiber ropes for deepwater moorings under cyclic loading. Applied Ocean Research, 45, 22-32.
Louzada, E. L. V., Guilherme, C. E. M., & Stumpf, F. T. (2016). Evaluation of the fatigue response of polyester yarns after the application of abrupt tension loads. Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings, 7, 76–78.
Melito, I., da Silva, A. H. M. F. T., Guilherme, C. E. M., & Clain, F. M. (2019). Degradation of Aramid Filaments by Hydrolysis. In Cobem 2019 - 25 th ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering.
Nadalin, N. V., Melito, I., & Guilherme, C. E. M. (2019). Analysis of the Effect of Hydrolysis in the Mechanical Resistance of Polyamide Applied to Offshore Plataform Cables. In Cobem 2019 - 25 th ABCM International Congress of Mechanical Engineering.
Rossi, R. R., Del Vecchio, C. J. M., & Gonçalves, R. C. F. (2010, May). Moorings with Polyester Ropes in Petrobras: Experiences and the Evolution of Life Cycle Management. In Proceedings of the offshore technology conference, Houston, USA (pp. 3-6).
Santos, L. A. D. (2002). Desenvolvimento de cimento de fosfato de cálcio reforçado por fibras para uso na área médicoodontológica. Tese de doutorado, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
Shah, D. U. (2016). Damage in biocomposites: Stiffness evolution of aligned plant fibre composites during monotonic and cyclic fatigue loading. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 83, 160-168.
Sry, V., Mizutani, Y., Endo, G., Suzuki, Y., & Todoroki, A. (2017). Consecutive impact loading and preloading effect on stiffness of woven synthetic-fiber rope. Journal of Textile Science and Technology, 3(1), 1-16.
Stumpf, F. T., Guilherme, C. E. M., & Chimisso, F. E. G. (2016). Preliminary assessment of the change in the mechanical behavior of synthetic yarns submitted to consecutive stiffness tests. Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings, 3, 75-77.
Tate, J. S., Akinola, A. T., Espinoza, S., Gaikwad, S., Kannabiran Vasudevan, D. K., Sprenger, S., & Kumar, K. (2018). Tension–tension fatigue performance and stiffness degradation of nanosilica-modified glass fiber-reinforced composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 52(6), 823-834.
Vlasblom, M., Boesten, J., Leite, S., & Davies, P. (2012, April). Development of HMPE fiber for permanent deepwater offshore mooring. In Offshore Technology Conference. OnePetro.
Weller, S. D., Davies, P., Vickers, A. W., & Johanning, L. (2014). Synthetic rope responses in the context of load history: Operational performance. Ocean Engineering, 83, 111-124.
Zorzanelli, L. C., Pereira, E. C. L., Salimena, L. M., Pacheco, E. B. V., Silva, A. H. M. F., Bertolino, L. C., ... & da Silva, A. L. N. (2023). Hybrid Nanostructures Based on Polyethylene and Polyester Fiber Residue from Platforms Offshore: Effect of Nanoclay as Co-Compatibilizer Agent in Immiscible Blends. Fibers and Polymers, 1-12.